Women in Medicine - Part One

Midwives Lydia Peters Baldwin and Bathsheba Rich Wallace served the area during the period after the Revolution. They delivered hundreds of local babies.

Gladys Barr Boyd graduated from Mary Hitchcock Hospital nurses program in 1944 and then entered the Army Nurses Corps.  Working for Lyme's Dr. William Putnam, she cared for patients in Fairlee, Thetford and Lyme area.  

Betty Rainey Minot graduated from St. Johnsbury's Brightlook Hospital nursing program in 1949. After working for four years at the old Woodsville Cottage Hospital, she was Dr. Harry Rowe's first employee in what became the Wells River Clinic. 

Journal Opinion Nov 27, 2024

This column is the first of two exploring the role of local women in medicine in times past. It includes the careers and contributions of two 18th-century midwives and two 20th-century registered nurses. The second column will cover the careers of three local physicians.

 These seven women all practiced locally. Examining the lives of these individuals is not meant to exclude others, but rather to use them as a way of focusing on the contribution of women to the health care of local residents.

Before the 19th-century, the family-centered care for the ill was traditional. The birthing process, was one with only female relatives, neighbors, and midwives attending. Historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich wrote, “Rural midwives were capable of managing difficult as well as routine births…” Although little is known about their training, it is assumed that they acquired knowledge by practice and observation of more experienced midwives. 

Midwife Lydia Peters was born in Connecticut around 1741. In 1766, she and her husband Benjamin Baldwin moved from Connecticut to Orford. Ten years later, they moved to Bradford to join other members of their families. Baldwin was, to use Ulrich’s description of another midwife, “a gifted woman, a skilled practitioner, careful about her fees and sure of her methods.”

Bradford historian Silas McKeen wrote, “(She) was a woman highly distinguished for her cheerfulness, resolution, and energy.  Besides bringing up a large family of her own, and managing her domestic affairs in an exemplary manner, she for many years was extensively, and with remarkable success in the practice of midwifery.”

Her practice included Bradford, Corinth, Fairlee, Piermont, and Orford. When called, regardless of the weather or time, she went.  She rode sidesaddle on her own mount or on a pillion behind the man who had come for her. She kept a careful diary of her work.

She charged a few shillings for her services and was often paid in goods or services rather than hard money. In over 50 years of practice, she delivered 926 children including 10 pairs of twins.  Of her number, 16 babies were stillborn and 7 were illegitimate.  Only one mother died of complications while Baldwin was in charge.  She performed her last delivery at age 78. She died on September 3, 1825, at the age of 85.

Bathsheba Rich was another midwife who made her mark in the area. Born in 1752 in Connecticut, she  moved with her parents to Strafford VT around 1773. She married Richard Wallace in 1776 and moved to Thetford. During the Revolution, she maintained the family farm while her husband was away with the militia.  In the years following the Revolution, Wallace became skilled as a midwife in Thetford and six other area towns.

Thetford historian Martha Howard points out: “She was an accomplished horsewoman, and her sorrel mare with Bathsheba astride must have been a welcome sight to laboring women in need of her care.  Day and night, good weather or bad, Bathsheba responded to requests for assistance.  She and her horse are even credited with crossing the swollen Ompompanoosuc River on a bridge stringer to reach a woman in distress on the other side.”

In the 42 years that Wallace practiced, she delivered 1,666 babies, including 21 sets of twins.  No mother ever died in her care. Records show that she was in personal control of her earnings, an unusual practice at the time. 

She acquired the title Granny Wallace, “a common term of respect and affection that was given to women who worked as midwives.” She died in 1832.

Wallace and Baldwin’s record of success was difficult for male physicians to replicate as the practice of midwifery was replaced by the male-dominated medical profession’s control of deliveries.

Nursing eventually expanded beyond maternity care.  The Civil War solidified the need for professional trained nurses.  After so many attendants cared for the wounded on the battlefield and in hospitals.

Not long after the Civil War, in 1873, nursing training schools opened in Boston, New York and New Haven. By 1900, there were hundreds of nursing schools across the nation, including in New Hampshire and Vermont.

The first training school for nurses in New Hampshire opened at the State Hospital in Concord in 1888.  In 1893, Hiram Hitchcock established the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital School of Nursing in Hanover. That school began with a two-year program, increased to three years in 1905. The program closed in 1980.  In 1953, Saint Anselm College in Manchester established the first four-year nursing program.

Woodsville’s Cottage Hospital began a two-year nursing program as early as 1903, the first classes drawing students from Canada.  In 1933, the program was expanded to three years, but the final class graduated in 1936.

In Vermont, the Brightlook Hospital nurses training program opened in St. Johnsbury in 1900. The Thompson School of Practical Nurses in Brattleboro and the Barre City Hospital School of Nursing opened in 1907. In 1911, Vermont enacted the first licensure law regulating nursing practice in the state.

 UVM created a bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1943 to meet the increased demand for nurses. Other programs opened at Norwich University in 1958 and Vermont College in 1961.

 Despite the increase in the number of men in the nursing field, about 88% are still women. The following are two local women who were exemplary members of the nursing profession.

Gladys Lucy Barr was born in 1922 in Topsham. After graduating from Woodsville High School in 1940, she entered nurses’ training at Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital in Hanover, NH.

After graduating from the three-year program 1944, Boyd joined the Army Nurse Corps in 1945 and served in Italy, being discharged in February 1947. Shortly after her discharge, she went to work in the Lyme office of Dr. William Putnam.

 In 1949 she met and married Merton Boyd, and for the next 18 years, they made their home in Fairlee. When the approaching new interstate highway threatened their neighborhood, the family of five moved to Thetford.  

Working with Putnam often meant Gladys Boyd assisted with frequent in-home births. Sometimes, when the doctor was not immediately available, she did the procedure herself. 

Such was the case in 1957 when she arrived at the Martin farm on the Fairlee-Bradford border to find that the doctor was not readily available.  She proceeded to deliver my sister-in law, Kathy Martin Oakes.

In addition to traveling with the doctor to visit patients, Boyd was a major force in the Lyme office. Dr. Putnam was my wife’s primary care physician during her childhood and after our marriage in 1968, we continued to visit the office.

I recall Boyd’s approach to situations as one of being very much in charge. She was gentle but firm and efficient. Undoubtedly our experience with her is a primary reason I selected Boyd for this column.   

Boyd’s son Peter shared with me some memories of his mother. He said that while she performed all the regular nursing duties in the Lyme office, she “often worked outside the system by providing advice, care and even medicine to those in need.” He recalled that late-night visits from or to neighbors who were ailing, were fairly routine.

“No such thing as a fee for those services then, it was just what she did,” he said, “Her sense of commitment to others extended to her own family, where she undertook senior and hospice end-of-life for her parents and other members in her own home.”

Boyd also used her nursing skills in service to the wider community. From 1951 until the 1980s she was an attending nurse at blood drives. She donated blood as well. She organized dental and eye testing clinics and conducted vaccination clinics for measles and polio in area communities on both sides of the river. After retirement, she often served as the school nurse for the Orford, Fairlee and Thetford schools.

As early as 1951, she organized local fund-raising drives for the American Red Cross, and in the 1980s. she was chair of the American Heart Association Vermont fund drive. In the early 1960s, she helped start the Valley School in North Thetford for area special needs students.

She was a participating member of the Silver Leaf Grange, the Fairlee PTA, the Fairlee Federated Church, and Church Women United. After the family moved to Thetford, she joined corresponding groups in that town. 

There, Boyd was active in the First Congregational Church of Thetford, volunteered for the town library, was a classroom assistant at the elementary school, and participated in the senior citizen mentoring program. She helped start the Norwich-Thetford Visiting Nurse Association.  She delivered Meals on Wheels, and cooked meals for the senior citizens’ weekly luncheons.  

“Gladys also cared for her community with the same sense of commitment that she cared for her patients,” said longtime Thetford resident Dana Grossman, who recruited Boyd to run for the Thetford School Board in the 1980s. “When I asked her whether she’d be willing to run for the board, her willingness to serve the town’s schoolchildren, even though that was a somewhat challenging time in town politically, came without hesitation.”

 “Her approach to life made her a wonderful role model for her patients, but also for all the other people lucky enough to know her.” Gladys Boyd died on December 31, 2005, at her home in East Thetford.

Beatrice “Betty” Rainey was born in 1929 in Lyndonville. After graduating from Lyndon Institute, she entered nursing training at St. Johnsbury’s Brightlook Hospital Nursing School.

 In 1950, she married Alden Minot and went to live on the Minot Farm in West Bath. The following years meant being involved as the farmer’s partner, helping with chores, maintaining a large garden and raising her family.   

Minot worked for four years as a registered nurse at the old Cottage Hospital in Woodsville. In 1954, she became Dr. Harry Rowe’s first employee in what became the Wells River Clinic and continued there until her retirement in 2002.

I recently spoke with Brenda Minot of Bath. She was Betty Minot’s daughter-in law-and medical associate at Rowe’s clinic. She recalled that “patients loved Betty,” because she was “professional, friendly, and experienced.”  They had “confidence in her.” She said that as years went by, the doctors, especially younger doctors, came to rely on her for her opinion. She added that patients often called Betty at home for advice.

At the time of her passing in 2018, those who knew her contributions to the Clinic recalled that “things clicked at the Clinic,” thanks to her.  They spoke of her as a “marvelous capable woman” whose kind and gentle manner eased the fears that patients might have.

In addition to her nursing, Minot was “a force in the community.” She was active in the Bath Congregational Church and was superintendent of the Sunday School for over 40 years. She was a leader in the Bath Historical Society and Friends of Bath. 

More broadly, she and Alden founded the Cottage Hospital Volunteer Ambulance Service and taught First Aid and CPR courses. They spent some nights and holidays at the hospital, covering the ambulance service. 

She was a Grafton County Farm Bureau member and 4-H Dairy Project Leader. In the mid-1960s, Minot was on the Planning Board for a possible regional school district.

Gladys Boyd and Betty Minot are just two of the women who have fulfilled the roles of nurses’ assistant, licensed practical nurse, registered nurse, and, more recently, nurse practitioner. They are proof of the dedication those medical professionals show to both their patients and their communities.

My next column on women in medicine will describe the contributions of three female physicians who served the area for extended periods of time. They are Drs Jean Henderson of Fairlee, Frances Olsen of East Corinth, and Elisabeth Berry of Haverhill. I would like to hear stories from patients or colleagues of any of the three. Please contact me at larrylcoffin@gmail.com if you have information to share. 

Not Just A Club

 

FUTURE FARMERS ALUM: Orford's Paul Messer was the Orford High School's FFA president from 1956-1958. Shown here with his traditional FFA blue and gold jacket, Messer attributes his lifelong interest in maple sugaring to experiences he had with the chapter's maple operation. (Courtesy photo)     

Future Homemakers' student officer Cheryl Burke serves refreshment to Bradford Academy staff to celebrate FHA Week 1963. The members were often called upon to provide refreshments for school events.  Pictured with Burke are FHA Advisor Virginia Smith (left), guidance counselor Richard Conrad and math/science teacher Bernice Hinman. (Courtesy Photo Bradford Historical Society) 

BRADFORD ACADEMY FFA: This photo from the 1969 BA yearbook include a number of my former students. I believe they are listening to a presentation by Bruce Limlaw and advisor J. Arthur Peters.  Perhaps they were planning the next Connecticut  Valley Fair. (Courtesy Photo Bradford Historical Society) 

Journal Opinion  Oct 16, 2024

 This column explores the history of student vocational organizations in local high schools. These include the Future Farmers of America (FFA), the Future Homemakers of America (FHA), and the Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) chapters, as well as other local vocational organizations.

Over the years, Future Farmers of America activities received more newspaper coverage their other organizations, while they set a pattern for other vocational groups. 

Before the early 20th century, youngsters acquired agriculture and homemaking life skills from their parents. High school courses often focused on traditional studies rather than vocational. In 1917, the Smith-Hughes Act authorized federal funds for vocational classes. 

At the beginning of the 20th century, local organizations of young farmers emerged. Agricultural vocational educators recognized the need to create a national organization, and the Future Farmers of America (FFA) was organized in Kansas City, Missouri in November 1928. Delegates from 18 states attended that first national convention. 

The Middlebury Register published an editorial recognizing the need for the organization.  “It is designed to recognize and encourage the natural instincts and tendencies of boys to organize themselves into groups or gangs. An outlet for these instincts and tendencies is offered to vocational students.”

The need was apparent in the organization’s rapid growth. By 1929, there were 30,000 members in 1,500 local chapters. That year, national blue and corn gold were adopted as the official FFA colors. In 1930, the FFA Creed was adopted, and, in 1933, the blue corduroy jacket became the official dress.

 Segregation in some states restricted membership to white students. In 1935, the New Farmers of America, an organization for Black vocational students, was formed in Tuskegee, Alabama. In 1965, the two organizations merged. 

Until 1969, membership was restricted to young men. The battle to open membership to girls was lengthy.  Now, more than half of the members are young women. 

In April, 1927, Bradford’s United Opinion mentioned the need for organizations for young farmers and homemakers. Under the direction of the New Hampshire Extension Service, groups began to form in New Hampshire.

 In 1929, a meeting was held at Bellows Free Academy in Fairfax, VT which led to the establishment of FFA chapters in Vermont. The first state convention was in 1931, the same year that the New Hampshire state FFA was established. 

One of the first local FFA chapters was formed at Groton High School. In 1932, the boys had organized a local Future Farmers club until a state chapter was established and they could become affiliated.

In 1933-34, Thetford Academy established a vocational agriculture course. An FFA chapter was first mentioned there in 1935 when some members attended the state convention.  In 1937, chapter member Howard Maxfield was elected state president, and Gordon George received the State Farmer degree, the highest award given by the state organization.

In 1938, 22 Bradford Academy students formed a Young Farmers Association and began investigating affiliation with the state FFA.  At that time there were 35 chapters in Vermont. In September 1938, they voted to become an FFA chapter.  Bradford’s Frank Peters was elected as the chapter’s first president.

Newbury High FFA was chartered around 1940 and, as with other chapters, enthusiastically planned activities. I could not determine when the FFA chapter at Woodsville High was established. The first newspaper notice of their activities was in 1981.

The FFA motto is: “Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.” My newspaper research covering the period from 1933 to 1982 included hundreds of local FFA activities that reflected this dedication to career education, personal development, and community service.  The following are just a few examples of those activities. 

The local organizations were an outgrowth and an extension of agricultural vocational education courses. What might be considered homework for other courses, took on the trappings of a youth fraternal organization, complete with membership degrees, officers, rituals, and a jacket uniform.    

Members participated in local, regional, state, and national judging competitions.  Categories included dairy, poultry, agricultural mechanics, tractor driving, and land judging.

Parliamentary procedure and public speaking were just two of the social skills developed.

When Orford’s Peter Thomson retired from a 46-year career as town moderator in 2016, he attributed his abilities to his experience in the FFA. He said a boy had to “learn about a subject, stand up and tell everyone about it.”  In 1962, Thomson was the president of the NH FFA association.

Chapters engaged in commercial projects to support member activities. Woodsville’s chapter sold rat poison in 1940, and later, firewood and Christmas trees. Other chapters sold seeds, dry beans, chicks, and calendars. 

For over two decades, the Orford chapter operated a sugaring operation making 40-60 gallons of syrup annually.  Paul Messer of Orford was chapter president from 1956-1958 and was involved in the maple project. He came on weekends to tend to the project. His resulting interest in sugaring led to his development of Orford’s Sunday Mountain Maple Farm. Messer spoke of the influence on his life of Orford’s FFA advisor Leroy Guptill.

One of the most elaborate local FFA projects was Bradford Academy’s FFA operation of the Connecticut Valley Fair. Beginning in 1948, the chapter members, under the leadership of advisor J. Arthur Peters and later Joe Button, organized this annual three-day fair on Bradford’s Memorial Field.

 Larry Martin of Fairlee, chapter president in 1967, recalled how hard the members worked on the annual event, raising funds for chapter activities and scholarships.

Field trips were a significant FFA activity. Trips included visits to dairy processing and food manufacturing plants, urban farmers markets, and the Eastern States Exposition. Members also attended regional and state conventions. Selection to attend the annual convention in Kansas City, Missouri was a highlight for many members.

Chapters’ activities had a social side, with local school fairs, parties, and dances, often in cooperation with the local Future Homemakers chapter. An annual FFA winter carnival brought local chapters together in friendly competition.

Public service projects included building bleachers, cleaning up storm damage, and, during World War II, collecting salvage and selling bonds.

When Oxbow High School opened in 1971, an FFA chapter was chartered. The Bradford chapter was discontinued, but local chapters continued in Woodsville, Thetford, and Newbury. As the number of dairy farms declined and agricultural programs were discontinued, interest in the Future Farmers organization waned.  In the period after 1982, the number of FFA activities reported in local newspapers declined significantly.   

Home economics was introduced in the late 19th century with the intention of teaching young women the practical skills necessary to manage their homes and families.

In 1939, the Future Homemakers of Vermont organization was established, and local chapters began to be chartered. The purpose was “to promote the development of girls in assuming responsibilities in the home, school and community.”

As early as 1937, there was a future homemakers’ group at Thetford Academy. In 1939, a Jr. Future Homemakers Club met at Groton High School, and the following year, Future Homemakers chapters were established in both Groton and Newbury. 

In 1945, the Future Homemakers of America (FHA) national organization was founded in Chicago. It brought together 42 state associations and over 2.400 local chapters. Another national organization, the New Homemakers of America was created to include African American students in states where racial segregation persisted. Like their FFA counterparts, the two organizations merged in 1965. 

The Orford High School FHA chapter was established in early 1948 and published reports of activities included the accepting of new members and a field trip to the University of New Hampshire.

The FHA members often coordinated their activities with the Orford FFA chapter including joint field trips and community projects. 

In 1953, a group met at Bradford Academy to establish a Vermont FHA Association.  Orford’s chapter presented a panel discussion in support of that move. Presenters included Doris Davis, NH state president, and Nettie DeGoosh, local president.  The Vermont Association was established at that meeting, and Bradford’s Barbara Kellerup was elected as the first VT state president.  

Muriel Chase Nutting of Essex Junction was the Bradford Academy chapter president in 1963. She recently spoke of the activities of its 30 members and the strong encouragement of advisor Virginia Smith. The members often attended regional and state FHA meetings, sharing ideas with girls from other schools. Nutting also attended the 1963 national FHA convention in Kansas City, MO.

Nutting said the FHA members often provided refreshments for school events. They raised money for chapter activities with food sales and a record hop. The annual activities included observance of FHA Week and a Mother-Daughter Dinner.

The Bradford Academy FHA transferred to Oxbow High in 1971-72. That year, members were involved in the state competition. In 1974 they held a Spring Fashion Show to benefit CARE. In the early 1980s, the national organization encouraged the incorporation of traditional chapter activities into the classroom rather than after school.

 Irene Shover, who began teaching at Oxbow in 1978, said that the last FHA yearbook photo was in 1981, but the students continued to have chapter-like activities such as a benefit for low birth weight children and one for hurricane victims.

In 1978, there was mention of FHA chapter activities at Blue Mountain High School.  In 1993, it was “judged one of the outstanding chapters in the state.” Woodsville High also had an FHA chapter.

 In 1995, there was a River Bend  chapter of Home Economic Related Occupations (HERO). Members competed at the state level on topics such as child care and job interviews.  That same year, newspaper articles mention an FHA chapter at Woodsville High.  If readers know about other FHA activities, please share them with me.  

The Future Business Leaders of America (FBLA) was established in 1937 and, by the early 1970s, had become the largest business career and technical student organization.  Its mission was “to inspire and prepare students to become community-minded business leaders in global society through relevant career preparation and leadership experiences.”

A local chapter was formed at Oxbow Vocational in 1972-1973, with Betty Balch as the advisor. At the same time, the Thetford Academy business club joined FBLA. Woodsville’s chapter began in 1982. 

Meroa Shepard Benjamin of Bradford recently spoke of her two-year experience as Oxbow’s chapter president in the chapter’s early years. She recalled activities such as food sales, raffles, and an annual talent show.  Service projects included typing the school newspaper and working on the March of Dimes campaign.

They hosted six other schools for a Day of Competition. Local, state and national competitions allowed members to highlight skills learned in class. Benjamin said she had to “up my game,” when competing at the national public speaking event in Washington, D.C.

My daughter, Sarah Coffin Robbins of Fairlee, recalled her experience with the Oxbow Vocational FBLA in 1987-88 with advisor Sue Ladd.  She went on to said that being exposed to the possibilities of business leadership “completely changed the course of my career choices.”  

Oxbow/Riverbend also sponsored a Vocational Industrial Club (VICA). Centered in the automotive class, with Joel Moore as advisor. it was active by 1978. By the early 1990s, the club had expanded to other vocational course areas, including building trades and commercial foods.  Members participated in regional and state competitions, and two students attended the national convention in Louisville, KY. About 2002, the charter joined the SkillsUSA program. 

Several other vocational student groups have existed locally. The Future Teachers of America was founded in 1937 and had school chapters in Bradford, Newbury, and Thetford.  In 1955, Thetford Academy had a Future Nurses chapter, the only one in Vermont at the time. 

For over a century, local high school vocational classes have offered career training for generations of local students. The vocational organizations described above augmented classroom and workshop experiences. They offered organizational skills and leadership training as well as travel to regional, state, and national competitions.

The adults I interviewed recalled experiences of decades earlier. They also credited the teacher/advisors who organized the local chapters. Their testimonies speak highly of these vocational organizations’ value. They were truly more than just clubs.

On The Historic Golf Links

 

READY FOR A ROUND. Golfers at the Lake Morey Country Club check in to play around 1940. The course was established about 1910-1912 as part of the adjacent resort at the south end of Lake Morey. Over the years it has been the site of the Vermont Open and other tournaments. (courtesy photo)

Bob and Linda Stoddard of North Haverhill created the Blackmount Country Club nine-hole golf course from their farm pastures on Clark Pond Road.  It open in 1996 after three years of planning and construction.  Since then, the couple has been Blackmount's greenskeepers, clubhouse operators and tournament or organizers. (JO photo by Larry Coffin)

Journal Opinion , August 28, 2024

Locally, there have been ten golf courses established over the years; some public, others private. Some were closely connected with tourism, others representing community residents.  There were both designer courses and some just pastures that doubled as links.  Of the ten, seven have closed, their fairways no longer discernable. Only Bradford Golf Club, Lake Morey Country Club and Blackmount Country Club still operate.

The first part of this column deals with six of the closed courses as described in a 2008 column entitled “Lost Golf Courses.”  It is followed by the history of the three remaining courses. Sources include local newspapers, town histories, Facebook entries, and personal interviews. 

 In 1900, the Pike Manufacturing Company established a nine-hole course on Pike’s Back Bay Road. It was one of many company-sponsored activities reflecting the interests of company president E. Bertram Pike.

 It was described as little more than a cow pasture without a clubhouse or formal name. The greens were set off with split rail fences.  About 1925, the course fell into disrepair.

Pike’s interest was also reflected in the establishment of Piermont’s Lake Tarleton Club in 1909. Between 1911 and 1916, a nine-hole course was laid out by the renowned Scottish golf course architect Donald J. Ross. In the mid-1930s, Ross added an additional nine holes for a complete eighteen.

Available for the guests of the Lake Tarleton resort, the course was sometimes open to the public. It was described as “a PGA-type course” with wide fairways along Route 25C.

Local youth joined caddies from Boston who came for the summer. Sometimes, while playing after-hours, the caddies would share the fairways with bears. 

When the resort closed in the early 1970’s, the course began to revert to nature and soon vanished.

While most of these golf courses could be described as scenic, the Mt. Moosilauke Golf Course on the Carriage Road in Warren was majestic. Established for the guests of the Mt. Moosilauke Inn in the early 1900s, its nine holes rolled over the mountain’s foothills.

 It was described by locals as a “hilly course” and sometimes called “the St. Andrews of the Mountains,” in reference to the fabled Scottish course.

In 1953, the old inn burned and was replaced by a smaller building. The course was then opened to the public, but began to decline. In 1982, the property became part of the White Mountain National Forest, and both the inn and the course were closed.

The Wells-Woods Golf Club opened in Wells River in 1925.  This nine-hole course was created out of the cow pastures of two farms on Bible Hill. 

It was described as “a short informal course, just pasture land with New England rocks and lots of sand.” There were no real fairways and there were pastured cows. “You got a preferred lie if your ball landed in a cow patty.”   

The greens were surrounded by electric fences to keep out the cows.  Despite its rustic conditions, the course attracted many players and hosted competition between players from other courses. It closed in 1946 and today there is little evidence that this “sporty “course ever existed.

The course that was probably least well-known was Shanty Shane in Thetford. It was part of a family camp that opened in 1911.  Golf was played on the hills adjacent to the south end of Lake Fairlee off Robinson Hill Road.  It was “a practice nine-hole golf course…popular despite the competition of the nearby model eighteen-hole course.”.

In the late 1940s, it was operated as the Lake Fairlee Club. Financially unsuccessful, it declined in the early 50s. 

In the early 1960s, the Bonnie Oakes Resort established a nine-hole golf course along the west side of Maurice Robert Memorial  Road at the north end of Lake Morey.

 “It was a tough little course with narrow, short fairways and small greens. Lots of ball hunting. The sixth hole was straight up a hill, the flag invisible from the tee. The lake view from that green was beautiful.”

In 1977, the resort was sold and the course fell into disrepair. By 1983 it was closed.

The fairways and greens of these six courses are barely evident to those who know of their existence.  They have reverted to meadow grass, brush or lawns for homes.

Since the original six were listed in 2008, another local course has closed.  The Hanover Country Club was laid out in the 1890s. In 1899, Dartmouth College acquired the course and, in 1920 added a second nine holes. 

In 2020, the college closed the course, citing financial concerns.  In the four years since the carefully- manicured course has begun to revert to more natural undergrowth. 

 Despite the closure of these seven courses, the passion for the game has not abated.  For many the challenge of golf has transferred to the three local courses that currently exist. What follows is a description of those courses’ formative years.

The first newspaper mentions of what was to become the Lake Morey Country Club was in 1910.  It was proposed  to be  part of the new Kaulin Inn at the south end of Lake Morey and scheduled to open the following season. The site had previously been farmland. In 1895, it had been the site of the annual encampment of the Vermont Guard.

The original nine holes occupied the area now used for holes #1 to #6 and #18. Susan Avery’s historical sketch mentioned: ”Hand sythes (sic) and a one-horse three-gang mower combination accomplished the maintenance duties.”

 In 1926, the course advertised its plan to “enlarge into an ideal eighteen-hole course.” The back nine holes were added in 1929.

 From the beginning, the course catered to summer lake visitors and was advertised as a major attraction to the Inn.

In 1934, the publication Golfing in Vermont, included the following description, “While not as hilly as some Vermont courses, it offers a variety of play. Greens (new in 1932) are excellent and fairways are wide and well kept.” Fee for public was $1.50 per day and free to inn guests.

 Mentions of the course in local newspapers prior to the 1950 were generally limited to accidents, airplane landings, hole-in-one accomplishments. and an occasional tournament.    

Until the late 1940s, golfers checked in at the Inn and then crossed the road to meet caddies and begin play.  When I caddied in the mid-1950s, a pro shop had been built adjacent to the first hole. By the early 1960s, caddies were replaced by golf carts.

 In 1947, after the lean depression and war years, the inn and course took on new life under the ownership of Frank Ward. Susan Avery mentioned, “Mr. Ward and his family, more than anyone before, deeded to the inn a color and zest for nearly a generation, relinquishing ownership in June ’72 to the Avery Family…”

Under Ward’s ownership, the golf course was the host to a number of tournaments.  About 1954, Ward was able to bring the Vermont Open to Lake Morey.  The Open had not been played  for three seasons with no course willing to host it.  In 1955, the Open offered a $1500 guaranteed purse, with Ward providing a portion of the funding. 

The Vermont Open has been an almost annual event at Lake Morey. Other tournaments have included the Women’s State Golf Day, a Caddie Golf Tournament, a Shrine Golf Tournament, and an annual two-man best ball tournament. 

By the mid-1970s,” the course featured new bunkers and tees” along with “updated course management, and a remodeled clubhouse.” The course continued to attract both tourists and local golfers to its challenging fairways and greens.

The Bradford Golf Course was created in 1926 when a group of local businessmen decided the community needed a golf course. The group purchased Doe Meadow and Bradford Hotel owner Bill Gale designed the nine-hole course.  The first year was deemed a success with “liberal patronage.”

In 1928, a season ticket could be purchased for $25 with playing privileges for a man and wife. A single ladies’ ticket was $15. For the first few years, maintenance was done largely by volunteers.

Initially, the first tee was on the back lawn of the hotel, now the area adjacent to the Bradford Post Office.  The first green was down over the hill, and holes #2 and 3 followed the bank on the west side of the course.  That layout continued until the new clubhouse was built in 1951. The holes were realigned with the old 7th hole becoming hole #1 along the east side of the course.  

During the years of the Great Depression, the course faced financial hardships. In 1940 seasonal membership fees had been reduced to $10 with single day charges of $1. Intertown competitions between teams from neighboring towns received front page coverage.

When the issue of abatement of local taxes came before voters heated discussions ensued.   During World War II only the greens were mowed because fuel was rationed. The fairways were hayed for local farmers and there were victory gardens near the sixth fairway. When it reopened in 1946, there was discussion on whether to continue the course’s operation.

The new field house was built in 1951 with much of the labor and materials being donated by Bradford Academy students, Community Club members and local businesses. In addition to serving as the golf clubhouse, the facilities were available for community and school use.

Dr. James Barton’s history of the course mentions the many adversities it has faced. To attract additional golfers, the annual fee was reduced to $9.99 in 1964. The course has always encounted flooding issues from the Waits River.  In 1973, the flood waters covered the clubhouse. The flood waters contained herbicides from nearby farms that killed much of the course’s grass. In 1998 the fourth tee was washed out.  Recent summer floods have caused the course to be temporarily closed.  

Despite these setbacks, trees have been planted, swampy areas have been filled in and, in 1990, the fourth hole was extended. Ponds have been added to create hazards. Barton summarized the Bradford course as “a very user-friendly course that can be enjoyed by all ages and abilities.”

Compared to Lake Morey and Bradford, Blackmount Country Club is a relative newcomer. The owners are Bob and Linda Stoddard of North Haverhill.  In 1993, despite never having been on a golf course, Bob decided to turn some of their farm’s pastures along Clark Pond Road into a nine-hole golf course and driving range.  Ideas came from books Stoddard read and some advice from a nephew who had course designing experience.

For the next four years, and even as the Stpddards milked 50 cows, the Blackmount course became a reality. It opened in the Fall of 1996. In 2001 a log-cabin style clubhouse and maintenance building  was added.  The Stoddards are the managers, greenkeepers, promoters, and clubhouse staff.

The nine-hole course was described as “a tree-lined tight course that offers a challenge to golfers of all abilities.” Recently, several fairways have been remodeled to create a more open challenge.  

From the first, the Stoddards have reached out to the community in the form of leagues and tournaments for local charities. The Playing for Clover 4-H Tournament began in 1996 and continued for 20 years. Tournaments were also held to benefit the West Newbury Firemen and the Cottage Hospital Auxiliary. Putting the extra effort into tournaments, Bob Stoddard said, was worth it because you cannot have a successful course without community support.

Beginning in 2001 a relationship was created between the course and the Woodsville High golf team. Members were allowed to play for free, a benefit that helped the team achieve state recognition.  Linda Stoddard said that a number of the early players are still active members of the club. 

Although there were earlier ideas for extending the course with an additional nine holes as well as having x-country skiing, neither have happened. Nine-holes fit the current members playing habits and sufficient snow is unreliable.

The Stoddards shared that they have about 130 members with growth in the last two years, including some younger players.  

While much of the golf season has passed, there is still plenty time to play golf before snowfall.  Even for high handicap golfers such as myself, a day on the course is better than a day off it.   

 

Rack It Up!

Journal Opinion July 3, 2024

Don't Sit On the Tables. Until the early 1940s, the Palace Bowling Alleys on Central Street in Woodsville offered both bowling and pool. The sign over the tables admonished prayers about sitting on the tables.  Soon after this photo was taken, six new candlepin alleys were installed.    

Pictured from the point of view of the pin boys, this photo shows the lanes of the Bradford Bowling Alley.  It operated from 1941 to 1958 and was the center for many women's, men's and youth bowling leagues. Located on what is now Barton Street, the building was most recently used as a bakery. (Bradford Historical Society) 

 “What’s next? This interrogation enters the ears of one just beginning to taste the excitement of games of hazard. For cards, and the bowling alleys and the billiard-room he has acquired an interest.”

Aurora of the Valley, June 27, 1850

This warning came from Newbury’s temperance advocating, anti-gambling newspaper when it repeatedly cautioned of the evils of “the glass of treacherous stimulant” when coupled with “the abodes of affiliated infamy.” These evils were to be found at the bowling saloon and the billiard table.

This column chronicles the history of area pool halls and bowling alleys to the 1960s.  Sources include local newspaper archives, town histories, and personal interviews.

Billiards and pool began to appear locally after the Civil War. Both of these games use tables, cue sticks, and balls, although a billiard table lacked pockets. Bradford’s Trotter House offered billiards before 1876. When that hotel was replaced by the Hotel Low a pool room was included. It also offered cue ball, a tabletop game that combined billiards and bowling. 

 The great Bradford fire of 1883 was believed to have originated in Richey’s Pool Hall in the Hardy Building. The United Opinion editor wrote, “There are those who thought it was all wrong to play pool,  and thought it was, indeed a judgment on Richey’s.” 

Nevertheless, when the new Stevens Block was built to replace the destroyed Hardy Building, there was a pool room. Pool continued to have a presence in Bradford’s Village for the next 60 years.

 About 1901, there was a pool hall in the Clark & Gage building on the corner of Barton and Main. When that building was replaced by the Chimes Restaurant, the hall was relocated to the restaurant basement and then to a small building near what is now the Bradford Post Office. That building was torn down in 1941.

In 1950, Don Welch opened a pool hall in what is now the south end of the Village Store. The Bradford Billiard Room opened in the basement of what is now Barton Dental.

Around 1940, 10-year-old Leonard Dobbins of Bradford began shooting pool in his family-owned pool hall on Main Street. In a recent interview, he described the atmosphere of the pool hall. Local men and boys gathered around the four tables, two to four at each. Some played for money, with several locals described as pool sharks. “They took others for their money,” Dobbins said. Asked if he won money in the games, he said that he “never got that good.”  

The atmosphere was smoky. “Beer was OK, but not a big thing.” Talk revolved about the game, as well as work, local politics, and “gossip if there was anything around.” In addition to pool, there were several tables set aside for poker.

Several local residents remember that, at the time, Johnny Hitchs frequented the Dobbins’ pool hall. Born in Wales, Hitchs worked at the Vaneer mill. When I mentioned his name to these residents they all recalled that Hitchs had one artificial eye. When he left a game to go to the restroom, he would leave that eye on the corner of the pool table, saying “That way I can keep an eye on you guys.”

After 1950, the hall was relocated to the recently demolished South End Market on South Main. The  Dobbins continued to operate a pool hall until 1967.

Over the years, additional pool rooms were located on the second floor of the Doe Building and at the Farmer’s Exchange on South Main.

There were pool halls in other local communities. Pool halls were mentioned in South Ryegate where in 1902, M.H. Gibson “put in a pool table to promote the gayety of nations.” It was still there in 1924. In 1969 Puffer’s Store offered their used pool and billiard tables for sale.

In 1907, Wells River’s Hale’s Tavern added an addition to include a pool room. As early as 1917, there was a pool hall in the Henderson block on Woodsville’s Central Street.

During the building of the Fifteen Mile Dam in 1929, the camp workers at the Connecticut River Development Camp had a pool room for use during their free time. Until 1930, there was a pool hall in North Haverhill. Then it became the local post office.

In 1936, Richard Hinman opened a barber shop and pool room on Chapel Street in Newbury. This was an example of the auxiliary relationship between local barber shops and pool halls or shoe shine stands.

 Bowling alleys began to appear in the period after the Civil War.  One 1877 newspaper article mentioned an old bowling alley in Newbury that “was blown down last winter” but was being replaced.

In the 1880s, candlepin bowling first appeared in Massachusetts. Candlepin bowling features a small ball with three throws in each of 10 frames per string. Its popularity was limited to New England and Eastern Canada.  It was first mentioned in local newspapers in 1901.

Because there was an “old fashioned notion that pool halls attracted a less than wholesome crowd,” Vermont law prohibited a bowling alley from being located on land adjacent to a school or church. As late as 1935, New Hampshire had blue laws against the operation of pool halls and bowling alleys on Sundays.

Some ambitious entrepreneurs combined pool and bowling at a single establishment.

In 1916, Andrew Bagonzi and Charles Maccini opened a bowling alley with three pool tables on Central Street in Woodsville. It was in an 1876 building on the north side near the present-day Railroad Park and later moved across the street. From its earliest years, the business was known as the Palace Bowling Alleys  

The business changed ownership several times, was enlarged in 1937, and underwent renovations in 1940 with six new lanes. At that time, women’s teams were added.  In 1945, it again came under the ownership of the Bagonzi and Maccini families.   

In 1945, young John Williams was one of a group of Groton boys who served as pin boys for the Woodsville bowling alleys. In exchange for free bowling, they set up pins for bowlers. In a recent interview, Williams, who now lives in Bradford, said the boys had to shelter behind a shield to avoid flying pins. The boys continued for about 5 years until automatic pin setters were installed. 

The teams from Woodsville competed with teams from other towns in both local and regional competitions. One such league was the Twin State Bowling League formed by bowlers from Woodsville, Wells River, South Ryegate, Monroe, and Groton.  Bowling results were often front-page news in both the Groton Times and Bradford’s United Opinion.

In 1984, the Armature family purchased the business.  In addition to women’s and men’s leagues, there was a senior bowlers league. That Senior Sunshine Bowling League was established about 1988 and, at times, had up to 100 men and women area bowlers, ranging from 60 to 99 years of age.

 Paul and Linda Allerud of South Ryegate were members of the Senior League when I joined in 2006. Paul told me that candlepin bowling was a family tradition in his Massachusetts hometown. He began bowling when he was about 12.

He recalled that the local Boston television station carried the weekly Bowling for Cash program. It was said that the viewing audience “often exceeded those of the four major professional Boston teams.”  

Allerud joined the local league soon after moving to the area in 2000. As with many others, he started out as a spare and rapidly became a regular. He was a member of the “Gutter Cleaners,” one of 12 four-member teams. He said that the League was a “way to meet new people and have some competition,” things he now misses.

In 2010. Don and Korina Bazzell took ownership, refurbished the alleys. and established the Lane 7 lounge offering a pocket billiard 8-ball league.

In 2016 Nathaniel Swain became the owner of the alleys and lounge giving it the title Room 111. Despite the efforts to attract patrons to the alleys and adjacent lounge, the Covid epidemic was the death knell for this long-time bowling attraction. At the time it closed it was one of the oldest bowling alleys in the nation.

For 16 years there was a bowling alley located in Bradford Village. It opened in October 1941 in the building on Barton Street that until recently was the Colatina Bakery. It had eight lanes and featured candlepin bowling. Charles Barton and William Demetrules were the original owners. Ownership passed to George Getsis and finally to K. Donald Welch.

As with the Woodsville case, there were a number of local teams with bowling as a major and newsworthy entertainment. In 1949, a meeting of 16 men’s teams and 12 women’s teams was held to organize the season’s schedule. In 1950 there were at least 85 enthusiastic team members.

About that time, 12-year-old Bob Benjamin of Bradford began setting pins in exchange for free bowling privileges. In a recent interview, Benjamin recalled having to be prepared when a strong bowler stepped up to the line, as a fast ball came hurling in the direction of the  pin boys. He said that Welch provided regular pin boys with special jackets.

Bradford Academy students had a bowling league and bowling was half-price in the late afternoon for the students.  In the early 1940 Bradford Academy student Geraldine MacIver wrote that girls bowled on Tuesdays. She added, “but other than Tuesday, it is not a very good recreation center for girls.”

In 1955, automatic pin setters were installed in all but two of the alleys.  Ownership changed in 1956 about the time the influence of television began to diminish interest. In February1958 the equipment was sold. The Bradford Bowling Alley was replaced by Welch’s Plumbing and Heating, later by a grocery store, and finally by the bakery. 

There were several other bowling alleys in the area. About 1886, a bowling alley under an open-air pavilion was built at the Maplewood Farm in West Corinth. In 1896, the bowling alley was described as being “smooth as glass.”

Operating as a summer inn for visiting tourists, as a school for boys, and as a location for group parties, the Maplewood Inn offered a number of activities along with its 2-lanes for bowling. The rambling hotel began to decline in the 1940s and fell into disuse until its destruction by fire on Sept. 1, 1958.  

In 1906, Guy Densmore opened a casino at the south end of Fairlee’s Lake Morey. It operated from June to September. It featured four bowling alleys and a billiard parlor with two tables. Frequent dances were a major feature of the summer season.  In 1930 it was sold to Laura Phillips. Eventually, without regular repairs, it was dismantled. 

The earlier issue of gambling in pool halls and bowling alleys returned in the 1930s with the introduction of electric automatic pinball machines. One observer referred to them as “a moral menace tempting both players and observers to gamble, corrupting youth and adults alike.” Both the state and federal governments passed measures to license and tax the machines and made gambling on the outcome of games illegal. 

Unlike many other sports, bowling and pool can be played by adults of any age. My experience with the Senior Sunshine League was one of the highlights of my retirement years.  From my first day of bowling with those seniors, I felt a wonderful combination of inclusivity and friendly competition.

In 2000, Robert Putnam wrote a book entitled “Bowling Alone” about the decline of social groups. For those who enjoyed pool halls and bowling alleys, Putnam’s message resonates. Playing those games locally is now relegated to the home pool table or Wii video game bowling. And that can get a bit lonely

Wrong Side of the Law Part Three

 

The Orange County Courthouse in Chelsea was built in 1847 in the Greek Revival style by master builder Horace Carpenter.  He also built the Caledonia County Courthouse in 1856 in St. Johnsbury. County courthouses were the site for the adjudication of criminal and civil cases, often with juries composed of county residents. 

 

This is the third part of a series on crime in the area before 1950. Part one in January covered counterfeiting, horse and auto theft, and prohibition. Part two in March covered robberies, drugs, and adultery.

 In 2020, this column also featured a three-part series entitled “Murder Most Vile.” All of these columns can be found at larrycoffin.blogspot. com or in the archives of the Journal Opinion.

This column deals with assault, animal cruelty, vandalism, black marketeering, domestic abuse, and debt imprisonment. It covers area news items from the early 19th century to 1950.    

Assaults reported in local newspapers during this period ranged from misdemeanors to felonies and from fisticuffs to murderous assault. Some resulted in fines, others in imprisonment. 

Several cases of assault and battery occurred at local election meetings. In March 1875, there was an altercation at the Orange town meeting. Three men attacked Fred Harriman and seriously injured him.

A United Opinion report in 1889 noted that “some years” before, a “party of ruffians” murderously assaulted the clerk at the Corinth District 2 school meeting. As more women were permitted to vote in local meetings, disruptions became less likely.

 On July 2, 1901, Ray Perkins of Orford was seriously injured “as a result of a tussle with a gang of fellows he discovered loitering about the farm where he was employed.”  Perkins was severely wounded. The entire community was “aroused” and a posse formed. The desperadoes, however, made good their escape. 

A newspaper search for assault or brawls, resulted in fewer than one might imagine. Drunken scuffles rarely rose to the level of breach of the peace. If an alcohol-fueled tussle at a Saturday night dance resulted in a black eye or bloody nose, it was usually forgotten on Sunday.

Some actions that are not initially criminal become so as societal attitudes changed. Cruelty to animals is one of those. Prior to the early 1840s, there were no laws regulating the treatment of domestic animals. What a man did to his animals in the privacy of his home was not a legal concern.

Most households had animals, including horses, dogs, and farm animals. Since horse and dog-drawn vehicles were in full public view, it was difficult to hide abuse. There was also organized animal cruelty, such as dog or cock fighting.

New Hampshire and Vermont passed laws against animal cruelty in response to a growing humane movement. Laws carried fines and jail sentences. At first, charges could only be brought against a person for cruelty to animals belonging to another. These were considered offenses against private property with punishments of imprisonment and/or fines “at the discretion of the court.”

New Hampshire’s animal protection law was passed in 1843, and Vermont followed in 1846. Within several decades, these laws were amended to include animals abused by their owners. The Vermont Humane Society was established in 1898.

In 1871, Newbury’s Aurora of the Valley carried an editorial about Keene, NH. “We are almost daily pained at the sight of some uncalled-for abuse.”

 As the animal rights movement gathered support, cases were heard in municipal courts with punishments dependent on the judges’ attitudes. The following are some of those cases. 

In 1903, William Morris of Burlington was fined $14.60 for “driving a horse in a pitiable condition. The court ordered the horse to be shot.  In 1926, a Vermont man received a suspended sentence of six months for leaving “his horse out in the winter cold without a blanket.”

In 1948, a Strafford man was fined $25 and given a suspended 60-day sentence for neglect of his farm animals.

Domestic violence was another “crime” that often remained hidden until the last third of the 20th century.

 As with animals, a man’s family was his property, and what he did in the privacy of his own home was outside of the law. 

Liquor often caused “ruffianly brutality, “a phrase used to describe domestic violence. The Vermont Union newspaper concluded that “with no liquor, there would be no wife beating and no cruelty to little children.”

The following are several cases of spouse abuse reported in local newspapers. There were undoubtedly many more, as victims often did not come forward. In the 19^th century, child abuse and spousal rape were not considered crimes and, therefore, not reported.

Courts did not hand out consistent punishment for those found guilty.  In 1876, a Vermont man who “whaled his wife” for not having his breakfast ready, as reported by The North Star, was fined $20. In 1885, a New Hampshire man was fined one cent and costs for wife beating.  He went to jail rather than pay the fine.

In the new century, punishments intensified. In 1901, an Essex Vt man got a 90-day jail sentence. A Bethel man was sentenced to 1 to 3 years. Despite local feelings that this sentence was too lenient, Vermont Governor John McCullous pardoned the man. .

In 1907, a Lamoille County court sentenced a man to 15 months in jail, and in 1919, a Rutland man received a two-year sentence. 

Not all courts were as severe. In 1933. a Rutland court handed down a sentence of 10 days, and in 1939, the same court punished a third-time offender with a 30-day sentence.  In 1947, a man who threw a cup of hot coffee on his wife and then beat her got a fine of $10 and costs. 

It was not until the 1970s that laws against domestic violence began to take effect.    

Debtors prison sounds like something from a Dicken’s novel. One could be imprisoned in New Hampshire and Vermont for debts owed.  Essentially, “it inflicted punishment on those men whose misfortune was made a crime.”

Debtors could be jailed for debts as low as $1. In 1825, one man was confined in the Danville debtors’ prison for 14 years.

The Prison Discipline Society, a reform group, estimated in 1831 that more than 4,000 Vermonters served time each year for debt, in some cases for less than $5.

An imprisoned debtor would be released if supporters paid the debt or if he took the poor debtor oath, stating that he did not have sufficient assets. That was the equivalent of declaring bankruptcy. In practice, debtors’ prison sentences were an incentive to disclose hidden assets.

The reform movement to eliminate imprisonment for debts was successful, first for women in the 1820s, and for men in Vermont in 1838 and in New Hampshire in 1840.

In the years after, persons could still be jailed for non-payment of a civil award. This court order, known as a “close jail certificate or execution,” made the news in three cases in 1949-1950.

The first involved two veterans who were imprisoned in Rutland for indefinite terms for non-payment of an award stemming from automobile accidents.  One of the two had been held in a German prison camp. Veteran groups came to their rescue.

In 1950, the nation’s attention was turned to the case of Hattie Cooke of St. Albans.  The mother of six was imprisoned for non-payment of an auto damage suit of $1,966. She was released after 143 days when she promised to seek employment and make payments.

 “Vandalism is a crime, punishable by fines and free board in an institution.” That is how The United Opinion responded to break-ins in Newbury’s public buildings in 1929. In 1944, The Caledonian-Record added, “Vandalism, hoodlumism, and sloth must be put down by whatever punishment is required,”

Between 1870 and 1950, there were frequent reports of vandalism, “both hostile and malicious.”  It was often accompanying Halloween and the Fourth of July celebrations and carried out by older boys.

Public buildings, cemeteries, signs, and vacant buildings were the targets. In some cases, extensive damage was reported. If the vandals were apprehended and made to appear in local municipal court, they were rarely punished by more than a stiff reprimand and required retribution.   

One exception to this treatment was handed out to two older North Danville men for their 1931 Halloween prank. They removed the planking from a local bridge, creating a serious safety issue. They were sentenced to two to five years of hard labor in the state prison.  

In March 1932, the infant child of Charles and Anne Lindbergh was abducted from his bedroom. It was called “the crime of the century.” The kidnapping and the search for, capture, trial, and execution of the abductor Bruno Hauptmann made headline news in all the local newspapers. Many asked, were local children in danger of being kidnapped?

In July 1931, two children were seized from their front lawn in Strafford by two men. Word was broadcast around the area. Subsequently, their father turned himself in. No criminal charges were pressed.

Sixteen-year-old Charlotte O’Brien of Concord, VT, was held for five days by Kenneth Ingalls, a lumberjack and farmhand, at a location within yards of her home.  He was described as a “jealous suitor.” Ingalls received a prison sentence. He was later given probation but committed suicide. 

At least one category of criminal activity was short-lived. Whenever a product is made illegal, black marketing is inevitable. During World War II, the Office of Price Administration (OPA) enforced rationing on a number of consumer goods to control inflation and equalize distribution. These ranged from sugar, coffee, and meat to tires and gasoline. Americans were issued stamp-filled ration books to be used when purchasing rationed items.

“A Black Market,” The United Opinion reported, “is any violation of price or rationing regulations.  Buying above ceiling, deals and purchase of counterfeit stamps to cover staples sales or get more than their share, sale of meat without collecting ration stamps, all of these things constitute black marketeering.”

With shortages and price freezes, violations of the controls were mentioned in local newspapers. In November, 1942, widespread violations of gasoline rationing were reported. About that time, OPA inspectors ran an automobile check in Woodsville and found 15% in violation, especially among out-of-state motorists. 

In January 1943, all pleasure driving was banned. There were assurances that the “rumors of prosecution for use of gasoline in going to and from church are ridiculous.”

There were stories of “unscrupulous persons selling goods at exorbitant prices regardless of the law.”  As with other prohibitions, charges were brought against dealers rather than consumers.

Even after peace, rationing continued, and local sentences were handed down for illegal tire and gasoline sales as well as “under-the- counter bread sales.”

Several conclusions can be drawn after reviewing newspaper reports of local actions that were on the wrong side of the law during the period before 1950.

When searching for reports of particular felonies, relatively few were found. Crimes elsewhere, especially in urban areas, were fascinating to readers. It might also be assumed that actions that could have risen to the level of felonies were either unknown or underreported. Changes in attitudes changed society’s perception toward what was considered a crime.  

Most locals were law-abiding and had little tolerance for attacks by outsiders on their property or residents. In the 19th century, locals were willing to join a posse to pursue those who broke the law.  

Most felonies were perpetrated by men, and alcohol often played a role. Women were frequently victims, and violence against them went unreported. The closeness to neighboring states and Canada which had laws dissimilar to those of New Hampshire and Vermont created problems for local law enforcement.  

With the exception of those actions covered by federal law, efforts to deal with criminal actions were mainly in the hands of local law enforcement and local courts. This began to change with the creation of state police in New Hampshire in 1937 and Vermont in 1947.        

Perhaps, at some time in the future, I may revisit this topic and focus on the period after 1950 to see if these conclusions continue

Wrong Side of the Law Part Two

 Journal Opinion March 6, 2024

This is the second part of a three-part series on crime in the area before 1950. Part one can be accessed by searching In Times Past, larrycoffin.blogspot.com. It covered counterfeiting, horse and auto theft and prohibition. This column deals with crimes involving robberies, drug violations, and adultery. 

The information is from local newspapers, town histories, and online sources. Orford historian Art Pease generously allowed me to use some examples from his research.

Before establishing a uniformed state police force in New Hampshire in 1937 and Vermont in 1947, the county sheriff was the primary law enforcement officer. A growing number of local police officers, game wardens and private detectives augmented this official.  Federal law officials included U. S. marshals, customs officers and FBI agents.

Criminal Court cases were tried in the county courts with both grand and trial juries selected from the legal voters of the county. Violations of federal statutes were remanded to federal courts. Newspapers carried reports of court sessions.  

Newspapers also reported break-ins at area banks and other businesses. In part one of this series, I wrote of the capture of William Warburton, known as Bristol Bill.

In 1849, he and his gang of counterfeiters were apprehended in Groton. Warburton was also charged with the possession of “burglarious tools for breaking open stores, banks, etc.”   

At trial in Danville, witnesses testified that Warburton and his comrades had considered breaking into a number of area banks. In the winter of 1849, they attempted a night-time robbery of the National Bank of Newbury.

Bank cashier Oscar Hale testified at trial that Warburton had attempted to giant cutters to cut into the bank iron vault door. Warburton was found guilty only on the counterfeiting charges and sent to prison.

That was not the last time the National Bank of Newbury made the news.  In September 1874, a gang of thieves attempted a night-time robbery. According to the North Star account, the gang jimmied a window and, using explosives, attempted to break open the vault. They were successful only in their escape. 

To avoid robbery attempts, that bank’s cashier never carried the bank keys at night but distributed them to several locations.  An attempted burglary the following year in barre illustrated the point of that practice.     

On July 6, 1875, a gang of thieves, including notorious bank robbers George Miles and Peter Alphonsos, invaded the home of Charles King, cashier of the National Bank of Barre.

They tied up his family and then led King to the bank. The thieves entered the building and the vault using the keys from King’s pocket.  However, as the bank had recently installed a chronometer or timed lock they were unable to access the safe. “No one,” King said, “could open it until morning.”

The gang departed with only a bundle of unsigned bank notes. Barre historian Paul Heller wrote of what followed. The local constable sent telegrams to neighboring towns informing them of the gang’s escape.

Orange County Sheriff John Bailey of Wells River took up the chase on a southbound train from the local area.  He captured one of the four who had jumped from the train. The other three escaped.

The bank hired Bailey, who, along with a Boston detective, followed leads to New York City where they apprehended the remaining fugitives.

Newspapers began to use the term yeggs or yeggsmen in reports about professional safecrackers. This pseudonym originated around 1900 and was popularized by the Pinkerton detectives.  It was taken from John Yegg, a well-known professional thief. 

During the night of Aug. 5, 1905, an out-of-state gang, part of a “desperate class of burglars,” attempted a bank heist in Newfane, VT. This yeggs gang used explosives to break open the vault at the Windham County Saving Bank. The noise awoke the neighborhood, which led to an armed response. One of the four professional safe breakers was captured and the others fled.  By January 1906, all were in custody.   

Banks were not the only targets of burglaries. Businesses and private homes were marked for break-ins.  In May 1873, The Bradford Opinion reported the following concerning Orford: “Thieving is getting quite common in this town.”

 What was happening in Orford was occurring in all local towns in varying degrees before 1950.  What follows are samples of such incidents.

The Opinion continued its description of the situation in Orford in August 1874. “As considerable thieving has been going on in town for the past two years, the public will be relieved in knowing that some of the parties now stand a promising chance to learn by law that such work is altogether wrong and reprehensible.”

Within two months,  the responsible gang of thieves had been captured. They were held in the Haverhill jail, tried at Grafton County court in Plymouth, and remanded to the state prison in Concord for terms of 4 to 5 years.

In the summer of 1925, local newspapers reported that “the entire countryside has been aroused” by a series of robberies. Notorious burglar and jail-breaker Stephen Hoppe led the gang.  Hoppe had escaped from a Maine jail and began the spree in Warren on June 24. This was followed by break-ins at the Newbury town office, and then at several locations in Lyme, Woodsville, and Fairlee.

The newspapers reported, “A posse of 50 men led by Fairlee and Orange County authorities were pursuing a band of robbers, last seen fleeing toward Bradford.” The gang of yeggsmen escaped.

 In August, Hoppe was shot while trying to burglarize a store in Proctorsville.  He was tried and given a 14-year prison sentence at Windsor State Prison. He escaped twice. In 1928, he was given a life sentence in Massachusetts for the slaying of a patrolman.

In November 1930, Doe Brothers store in Bradford was robbed during  the night by three men. They stole guns, silverware, watches, and clothing.

The three were captured in Albany and returned for trial. One of the men was still wearing a suit of clothes stolen from the Bradford store. They admitted that they were just passing through Bradford with a carload of liquor and realized there was no nighttime police. They received eight-year maximum sentences for a whole series of burglaries.

 Changing social morals has an impact on what is considered a crime. One example of that is divorce. Before 1840 there were few divorces granted in New England, and many were for adultery.

After 1860, states began to add circumstances for which divorce could be granted. While Vermont was not as quick to add circumstances to the law, desertion, cruelty, and refusal to support were added as causes.

Divorce was considered a social weakness, and there remained “a strong sentiment of indignation” against it. Newspapers began to include names and dates in court reports, probably to the embarrassment of the parties involved. 

Adultery continued to be the cause of marital breakups. In Vermont, there were 571 divorces granted in the five years after 1861, with 175 being for adultery.  

Generally, adultery lead to a civil case resulting in a divorce, often with alimony granted to the injured party.    

However, when other circumstances, such as intolerable severity or non-support, were added it was considered criminal.

 In January 1877, William Arnold was tried for adultery in Orange County Court. He was accused of having an affair with Mrs. Rosanna Whitney in a tryst witnessed by two boys. He was found guilty and sentenced to 5 years in Windsor State Prison. The Vermont Supreme Court apparently upheld the penalty.

 As the punishment was deemed very harsh, the Orange County state’s attorney and members of the jury petitioned the governor to pardon Arnold. Arnold died in prison before a pardon could be granted.

In 1924 Eddie Brown, a local man, was charged with the crime of adultery, and after pleading guilty was sentenced to 4-5 years in Windsor.

At that same time a couple from Newbury were charged with the crime of adultery and released on bail. The man was subsequently found not guilty, and the case against the woman was dropped.

In 1929 a Corinth couple was found guilty of adultery and received prison sentences for not less than a year at Windsor and Rutland Women’s Reformatory. In 1931, a man and woman from Strafford were sentenced to 1-2 years in prison. 

In most of these cases newspaper reports did not mention the extenuating circumstances that led to the prison sentences.

Sometimes, legal notices gave more details.  The courts dealt with physical altercations between married couples, resulting in jail time for the perpetrator.

 For example, in 1905, the Orange County court granted a divorce to a Randolph couple based on intolerable severity, neglect and refusal to support. This was just one of a number of similar cases.

In 1949, a Chittenden County man was given 90 days in jail for non-support, and a Corinth woman was arrested for “alienation of affection.”

Part one of this series dealt with violations against prohibitions of alcohol and marijuana. But those ware not the only drugs society has struggled with.

Another prohibition that has led to lawlessness is that against opium. In the early 19th century there was little evidence of opium addiction. However, as the movement against alcohol use began to restrict access, there was increased use of opium.

Available from physicians and druggists, and in patent medicines, there was unrestricted access to opium, morphine and codeine. 

In 1915, to adhere to the new national anti-narcotics law, Vermont passed the first drug law limiting access to narcotics.  

Almost immediately, the smuggling of narcotics from Canada increased to meet the needs of addicts. One newspaper reported in 1915, “A smuggler could secret in his overcoat pocket enough morphine for 10,000 “fiends.”

By 1918, smugglers were making numerous trips to and from Canada. In 1919, two men were captured in Newport with several suitcases “filled with morphine and kindred drugs estimated to be worth $100,000” on the urban black market.

This was part of the increase in illegal narcotics that led to “a wave of addiction.” Virtually all the reports of smuggling linked the drugs to addicts in New York and southern New England

In May 1922, an editorial in The United Opinion suggested there were about 250,00 drug addicts nationwide and “the drug habit is causing serious alarm these days.”

Despite this local alarm and numerous newspaper articles about drug activity nationwide, there were few arrests of Vermonters as drug addicts. Those that were arrested were confined to Waterbury State Hospital for treatment. At least one Vermont physician was arrested for illegal prescribing practices.  

A bold headline in the Rutland Daily Herald in March 1924 reported the seizure of $60,000 worth of bootleg narcotics being smuggled by an international drug ring. 

The following year, a Burlington speaker on the war on opium smuggling spoke on drug addiction in Vermont. He stated that the Champlain Valley was “the gateway of the North for smugglers.” 

The illegal traffic of narcotic drugs through Vermont continued through the period before World War II. Smugglers captured by federal enforcement officials were tried in federal courts throughout the state.

In 1933, William and George Nichols of Barre were found guilty of selling heroin to federal agents. On appeal, they were released because of entrapment. 

In 1940, a Bureau of Narcotics spokesman reported “illegal sale of narcotic drugs has been no problem in Vermont since 1931.”

While the availability of illegal drugs declined during World War II, there was a resurgence of smuggling nationwide in the post-war period. 

In 1947, the U.S. Border Patrol considered a reduction of personnel along the Vermont-Canadian border. One official reported that the patrols have “managed to keep smuggling down to an inconsequential trickle.” Of greater concern was smuggling along the border with Mexico and other ports of entry.

A review of area newspapers from 1860 to 1950 confirmed that Vermonters were less likely to be involved in criminal activity than the residents of other states, especially those with large urban centers.

 It also established locals’ interest in criminal activity when nearby or elsewhere. Local headlines were often boldly sensational even when the news was not from the local area.  As with news outlets today, bad news sells.

What was initially a two-part series on criminal activity in Vermont now has expanded into three. Next month, the series will include assault and battery, black marketeering, fraud, and other illegal activities.

Windsor State Prison served as Vermont's maximum security prison for men convicted of felonies.  It operated in that town from 1809 to 1975. It was also the location for executions.  In its latter period of operation, it was described as "ancient, decaying and depressingt."