They Led the Cause: Local Military Leaders during the American Revolution

LOCAL MILITARY LEADER AND PATRIOT. Gen. Jacob Bayley of Newbury served as the commissary general of the northern district of the Continental Army. This impressive monument on Newbury's Common recognizes his contributions. 

 Even casual students of the American Revolution are familiar with the military leaders who led the American cause. George Washington was the commander of the American military. Ethan Allen led the Vermont troops, and John Sullivan and John Stark commanded the New Hampshire troops.

From 1775 to 1783, the area faced unsettling fear and civil unrest. While there were no significant battles, there was a constant apprehension of invasion from the north. There was also considerable and troubling interaction between those who supported the American cause and those who were loyal to the King.  Add to that the controversies surrounding the creation of Vermont and its relations with neighboring states.

This article focuses on the Revolutionary military leaders of our area of the Upper Valley who led their families, friends and neighbors during this period of strife. They included Jacob Bayley, Moses Hazen, Israel Morey, and Timothy Bedel. 

While each individual is presented separately here, they were contemporaries who interacted repeatedly in the Patriot cause. They met frequently and corresponded, and sometimes served on the same campaign.

General Bayley was the highest-ranking officer in the local forces. He was born in Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1726. Around 1746, he relocated to Hampstead, New Hampshire.

 During the French and Indian War, he served as a unit commander for New Hampshire militiamen and saw action at the battle for Fort William Henry near Lake George in 1757. When the fort fell to the enemy and the defeated group was attacked by the British and Native allies, Bayley escaped the massacre by running barefoot 12 miles to Fort Edward.

He was subsequently promoted to the rank of Colonel of the New Hampshire Provincial Militia and was involved in the recapture of Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point and the battle for Montreal. When returning from Canada, he traveled through this area and was attracted to it. 

In 1763, Bayley and Timothy Bedel received charters from the royal governor of New Hampshire for Newbury and Haverhill, and Bayley settled in Newbury.

When the Revolution began, Bayley used his influence with the native tribes to enlist them as scouts to keep watch in the northern areas.

In May 1775, he raised a company of local minutemen. When he realized some of the company did not have guns, he mortgaged his considerable land to purchase supplies.

He wrote that he could raise additional troops, adding that “we only want to live as we have lived heretofore. We do not want to fight if they would leave us alone.”

In July 1776, he met with the Committee of Safety in Hanover and was given the authority “to direct and order the affairs” of the local area. He appointed a brigadier-general of militia in 1776, and the following year he was made commissary general of the northern division of the Continental Army.

At the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777, Bayley commanded 2,000 New Hampshire militiamen and played a role in the American victory.

During the years following 1777, the area was kept in “a state of continual and increasing alarm.” His frequent letters to Washington conveyed the information gathered by his spies and, despite the failure of the 1775 invasion, encouraged another expedition into Canada. He believed that the safety of the area and, in fact, New England lay in the conquest of Canada.

 Bayley corresponded with Washington about constructing a military road from Wells River to St. John’s on the Richelieu for an invasion of Canada. He argued that such a route would be 10 days quicker than a route from Lake Champlain. In 1776, construction was begun with much of the expense fronted by Bayley. The initial work was discontinued near Peacham.

In 1777, as Vermont declared its own independence, Bayley was one of five members of the Vermont Committee of War.

Bayley was often at odds with Ethan Allen and had a “deep-seated distrust” of his political motives and religious attitudes. In 1778, Bayley sponsored the petition of 16 New Hampshire towns to enter Vermont. That would have given him greater influence over Vermont’s affairs. The Vermont assembly rejected the petition.

Bayley also rejected Allen's negotiations with the British in Canada. The so-called Haldimand negotiations proposed to annex Vermont to Canada. While it was a ruse meant to strengthen Vermont’s relationship with the American government, Bayley was suspicious and therefore opposed it.

The British authorities therefore made plans to kidnap Bayley from his Newbury home. The attempt in June 1782 was nearly successful, but Bayley was forewarned and made a last-minute escape.

After the war, Bayley served in Governor Chittenden's administration as a counselor. He also served as a judge. His appeals to Congress for payment for the debts he incurred when he personally financed military supplies, soldiers’ wages, and portions of the military road left him impoverished. He died at age 88 and is buried in his hometown.

One of the most controversial officers was Moses Hazen. Although he never lived locally, his career influenced the area's development.

He was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1733. He saw action in the French and Indian War both as part of Rogers’ Rangers and as an officer in the British-affiliated Rangers. Some of the actions his company saw were especially brutal. Late in the war, he was commissioned into the British Army. He retired in Quebec and made extensive land purchases.

Through his connections with his brother John Hazen and Jacob Bayley, he acquired shares in Newbury and Haverhill and land in Mooretown (Bradford), but continued to live in St. John, Quebec. 

When the Americans invaded Canada in 1775, Hazen found himself distrusted by both the Americans and the British authorities. Each side imprisoned him in turn. His loyalties vacillated as he considered the impact on his property.

Despite the damage the Americans had done to his property, Hazen joined the American cause and was commissioned as a colonel. He dispatched Timothy Bedel to fortify The Cedars upriver from Montreal.

When, in May 1776, the American forces surrendered in the Battle of the Cedars, both Hazen and Bedel faced reprisals from General Benedict Arnold.  

Despite that, Hazen continued to build his regiment, and by June 1777, it had reached upward of 700 members. Some of those men were French-speakers from Quebec, who saw the regiment as an outlet for their anti-British attitudes.    

His regiment was active in the battles for Philadelphia and Brandywine. The fighting was often extensive, and in the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey, he lost one half of his regiment. His regiment suffered among the highest casualties of any American unit in the war.  With a reputation for extraordinary leadership, he was given command of a brigade.

He continued to promote the American interest in Canada and, in 1778, was assigned to a position planning a possible invasion. Even after that plan was canceled, Hazen continued to advocate completing the road from Newbury to St. John.

In 1779, his regiment, along with that of Timothy Bedel, worked to construct what became known as the Bayley-Hazen Road. Work was abandoned after the British threatened the construction workers. General Washington never intended to use the road other than as a ruse to sidetrack British attention.

Hazen continued to serve in the Continental Army and, in June 1781, was promoted to brigadier general and involved in the siege of Yorktown.

After the war, Hazen, unable to return to Quebec, settled on a grant in northern New York. He died there in 1803.

Timothy Bedel was born in Salem, New Hampshire in 1737. He served as a Lieutenant in the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment during the French and Indian War.

In 1763, he moved his family to Haverhill. He was a grantee of Newbury, Haverhill, and Bath and spent time in both of the latter communities.

With the outbreak of the Revolution, he was commissioned as a Captain and charged with recruiting a company of rangers from the Coos area. He was so successful in the recruiting efforts that eight companies were raised, and he was commissioned as a Colonel. His regiment was tasked with protecting the northern frontier.

The regiment joined the Continental Army during the invasion of Canada. In May 1776, while Bedel was away, the regiment surrendered to the enemy at the Battle of the Cedars.

Charges were brought against Bedel for leaving his post. At trial, Bedel explained that he was meeting with native leaders. His return was delayed by illness from smallpox. Bedel was found guilty and cashiered. His regiment was disbanded when their enlistments expired.

But Bedel’s loyalty to the American cause burned deep. Within a year, Bedel began passing along intelligence information received from scouts in Canada. He continued to hold a commission in the militia and served at the Battle of Bennington.

Twice in 1777-1778, the Continental Congress considered another invasion of Canada.  Bedel was commissioned to raise a regiment in each case. When the invasion plans were abandoned, the regiments were disbanded despite Bedel's opposition.

One argument for disbanding was the reduced threat from Canada. It has also been suggested that “neither the Continental Congress nor the state of New Hampshire wanted to support a regiment which might be used against its own forces relating to the oftentimes strained relations surrounding the creation of the state of Vermont.” 

Israel Morey, a pioneer settler of Orford, was that town’s Revolutionary leader. Born in Lebanon, Connecticut in 1735, he and his family came to Orford in 1766. In the years that followed, he built a network of enterprises and landholdings and became a leading citizen in the community.

In 1775, he was a delegate to the Provincial Congress and a member of the committee that drafted the new state’s first constitution. He served on the state’s Committee of Safety and as a colonel of the regional militia. As with Bayley, Morey procured supplies and money for the regiments and, advancing his own money for the effort, put himself in serious debt. 

In 1776, Morey organized scouts against possible invasion from the north. Throughout the war, he “traveled far and wide, recruiting, forwarding supplies and keeping up lines of communication.”  He was described as exercising constant attention to the defense of the area. 

In 1777, in response to the British invasion of New York, Col. Morey led his troops at the Battle of Saratoga. He also raised his regiment for a possible invasion of Canada, an expedition that never materialized.

In 1778, Morey was a prime instigator of the attempt by New Hampshire towns along the Connecticut River to join Vermont. His opposition to the so-called Exeter government stemmed from the system of taxation that reduced the area’s representation. Morey felt each town should have a representative. 

Four years later, the Vermont assembly excluded the New Hampshire towns. Retributions against Morey included the loss of his command and his homestead. He moved to Fairlee, where he became an influential citizen. He was given command of the division’s militia as a brigadier general. In 1794, he retired from military life. He died in 1809 and is buried in Orford.

There were many lower-ranking officers who supported the efforts of these four superior officers. The story of Capt. Jeremiah Post of Orford is remarkable. He was born in Hebron, Connecticut in 1745 and entered service as an officer in the 11th Regiment of the New Hampshire Militia.

In August 1777, he left his wife Ann behind to follow his regiment to confront the British at the Battle of Bennington. There, he engaged in a face-to-face contest with any old friend,Tory Col. John Peters. Post wounded Peters with his bayonet before Peter shot him.

Post died of his wounds. Peters later wrote that Post was “an old playmate, school fellow and cousin of his wife.” Post’s headstone included the following: “Brave Capt. Post once did die for the defense of our liberty.”

In subsequent columns, I will describe the commitment of ordinary soldier patriots to the American cause. That will be followed by a column on the actions and plight of those who supported the British in the conflict.

It Was Circus Season

             In the 1890s. circus paarades such as this one in Montpelier, were regular summer events.

WILD WEST EXTRAVAGANZA:   Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West show introduced spectators to the history of the American frontier. It made numerous appearances in New Hampshire and Vermont, including Portsmouth, White River Junction, Montpelier and St. Johnsbury. Special excursion rates were offered from local railroad stations to the show's location.

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August 5, 2026     Journal Opinion 

In August 1927, the Sparks Circus came to Woodsville for a single-day performance.  Arriving by circus train, it included 800 people, 500 horses, and “the largest collection of wild animals in the world.”

Among the outstanding features were the Liberty Horse Act, three herds of elephants, including a herd of baby elephants, and a mammoth historical pageant whose 700 participants included a group of Sioux natives.

What was it like to go to a tented circus such as this? One described it as “a deliberate, joyful assault on the senses by the completely overwhelming activity in all three rings simultaneously.”

Today’s circuses are no less exhilarating.

The performers, animals, and the humorous antics of the clowns are a thrill to watch.

The noise of band music mixes with the sounds of the crowd, the barkers, the ringmaster, and human and animal performers. One's senses are assaulted by smells of popcorn and cotton candy mixed with the odors of animals, sawdust, and grass, the canvas with its rigging, and a tightly packed crowd in the summer heat.  

This summer staple became part of the American way of life in both urban areas and small towns in New Hampshire and Vermont.

While there were circus troupes in America after the 1780s, there were few locally prior to 1860. In the 1820s, the Vermont Legislature enacted restrictions on their performances in the state. Religious groups, such as the Methodist churches, discouraged attendance because of their “exploitation of God’s animals” and their questionable moral distractions.

In 1867, Vermont relented and authorized local leaders to permit a circus to appear for up to two days. Circus groups then began to make regular local appearances. The first one mentioned was the appearance of The Great European Circus performance in Bradford village in 1867. It featured a massive parade with camels, lions, and ornate wagons.

The Great United States Circus made a single-day stop at the Piermont Bridge in 1867. The following year, Bradford was the host to Stone & Murray’s Circus with its dancing dogs and comic mules. In 1869, this same show, “the best in the world,” appeared on Haverhill Corner’s common.

A circus was literally a small town that moved from town to town. Advance publicity of posters and newspaper advertisements teased expectations. A “24-hour man” arrived the day before to scope out the field and prepare it for the arrival of the troupe.

Circus enterprises were initially transported by horse-drawn wagons. After 1860, railroad trains allowed performances to move from one location to another more rapidly. Large operations used their own designated trains, with special cars for transporting the various departments.

During World War I and World War II, circus trains were often sidetracked in favor of war needs. In the post-war period, circuses began to abandon rail in favor of large trucks.  

When the circus arrived in town, often before dawn, spectators gathered to view the unloading of wagons, animals, performers, and paraphernalia.

Special teams of roustabouts worked to erect the gigantic performance tents and smaller auxiliary tents for the sideshows and refreshment sales. Workers needed facilities for housing, cooking, and performance preparation.

Early circuses in Bradford used Aldrich’s meadow east of the village, with later performances moved to the old Fairground near the present-day Bradford Elementary School. 

When the performances were over, the entire camp had to be packed up and loaded for transportation to the next location.

The spectacle of the circus was not always positive for the temporary stops. Patrons were warned against pickpockets, gamblers, conmen, and other grifters who followed.

 When OBrien’s Circus came to Bradford in 1877, the newspaper mentioned that it was “followed by the usual number of accidents, hawkers, swindlers and clothes-line robbers, to say nothing about liquor selling and liquor drinking.”  Not all appearances were so negative.

Over the entire history of American circuses, safety was a major issue. Newspapers carried news of train accidents, collapsing tents, as well as injuries to performers and animals.

Fire was always a major danger, especially when it happened in overcrowded, highly flammable tents. The most tragic occurred on July 6, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut, when the big top of the Ringling Bro & Barnum & Bailey Circus caught fire, killing at least 167 and injuring over 700. That fire led to new restrictions on the industry.

 Despite the occasional negative headlines, most reviews were overwhelmingly positive.   When Maginley & Co’s Circus and Menagerie exhibited in Orford in 1871, the following appeared in the White Mountain Review: “A large number of people attended both in the afternoon and evening. Everything more than equaled our anticipation. The hitherto virtuous people of Orford have no reason to complain of any disturbance occasioned by any of this large company.”

“It would be almost impossible for so large a number of men to have been more orderly and quiet than they were all day Sunday. If we never have the ‘Circus Epidemic’ any harder than this time, we might perhaps stand to have it once a year.”

Newspapers reported on other circus companies that came to the area after 1870. 

In September 1875, Adam Forepaugh’s  Wild West Combination performed at both Bradford and Wells River for one-day stands. Forepaugh had conceived of the idea of exhibiting Buffalo Bill Wild West under tent covers.

The local publicity for the show mentioned that it included 1,000 men and horses, 1,500 wild beasts, and 10,000 museum wonders. Exaggeration was common for such publicity.

 A grand procession with a full military band, 8 monster lions, 5 trained elephants, and brightly painted circus wagons down Main Street was just a taste of what could be expected at the performances.  Tents were erected on the circus grounds for the thousands of expected viewers, with admission at 50 cents for adults and half that for children.

In 1877, The Rutland Daily Globe described the show as “one of the most successful troupes traveling this season.” It referred to William “Buffalo Bill” Cody's appearance as the first since his return from the “Late Indian War.”

 Cody worked with Forepaugh until 1883 when he launched his own famous Wild West Show. The show toured the United States until its demise in 1915. During that time, Cody took his show to Europe on two occasions, where it was widely popular.

Between those foreign appearances, the show appeared in New Hampshire and Vermont. In 1888 and 1895, the show was in White River Jct, Montpelier, and St. Johnsbury.

Between 1899 and 1911, the show visited New Hampshire cities at least 5 times. A 47-car train was required to bring his show to Portsmouth in 1911.

The 3-4-hour extravaganza allowed spectators to experience the history of the American frontier. It included vignettes on native Americans, frontier scouts, pioneers, cow-punchers, and the express riders. 

These shows were publicized with posters and newspaper advertisements. Local railroad companies offered special excursion rates.

One of the great giants of the circus world was P.T. Barnum. Barnum made his first visit to Bradford and Wells River in June 1874. The advertisement promised 1,000 men and horses, giraffes, and lions along with 15,000 “superb living wild animals.” An amazing talking machine and a group of Fiji cannibals were part of the show.

The United Opinion suggested that patrons “prepare themselves for an epidemic attack of emotional insanity.”

Barnum was a master in humbugging the unsuspecting. His sideshow included a number of human oddities such as the bearded lady or the giant man. These exaggerated oddities were often outright fakes, but along with the legitimate performers, drew the crowds. It was said, “no-self-respecting circus dares to be without them.”

James Bailey was another circus impresario. His first success was with the Cooper and Bailey Circus. In 1880, he merged his business with that of rival Barnum.

 Barnum loved the spotlight and was a world-class promoter.  Bailey was a genius at organizing, especially in transporting the large enterprise from one location to another. 

Following Barnum’s death in 1891, Bailey not only managed the circus but also helped in the management of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show. The show visited Vermont in 1896 with shows in Brattleboro and Rutland.

The circus made appearances in New Hampshire with shows in Manchester in 1885, Portsmouth and Nashua in 1889, and again in 1903. At that time, the train carrying the circus had 88 cars and 3 engines. When Bailey died in 1906, the circus was sold to the Ringling Brothers.

The Ringling circus visited Vermont in August 1894 with shows in White River Junction, Barre, and St. Johnsbury. Many locals took advantage of the special railroad excursion rates to view “the biggest of the big shows.”

The tented show, featuring a hippopotamus, 350 high-bred horses, and “the strongest man in the world,” was preceded by a full-mile parade with 10 different kinds of music.

In 1919, Ringling’s operation was merged with what remained of Barnum and Bailey to become Ringling Brothers & Barnum & Bailey Circus. Advertised as the “Greatest Show on Earth,” it dominated the circus industry for decades.

The local area hosted many other traveling tented circuses. The Kay Brothers Circus was a medium-sized show that traveled by train and truck to the area between 1932 and 1938.

It was famous for its trained wild animals, including a herd of dancing elephants, trained seals, clowns, and acrobats. Its bright, colorful posters featured the elephants and built enthusiasm for the show.

When the Kay show came to Bradford in 1935, it was the first time there was a circus in town for two decades. It returned again in 1936 and 1937. It was billed as Vermont’s favorite circus and received positive reviews in The United Opinion.

The paper described the acts as exceptionally good. It noted that the circus was “not accompanied by any riff-raff as is so often the case with a circus.”

Several circuses found Woodsville to be a lucrative location for repeat performances. Circuses arrived by train until the l940s. Circuses paraded through the village to locations at the high school ball field, the Smith lot, or the Community field.

 The Sparks Circus came to Woodsville in 1921 and 1923. Its 1921 appearance featured “a comprehensive assembly of the world’s best performers and the finest trained animals.” It promised a clean family performance with no gambling or immoral shows. 

 In 1935 and 1937, it came back as the Downie Brothers Circus.

The Groton Times described the 1935 appearance with its features of dancing horses, wire-walking elephants, and high-wire artists. Bill Cody, popular cowboy performer, was highlighted.

The mile-long street parade “radiated all the color and splendor that has made this part of the circus day one of the outstanding features.”

When the circus returned in 1937, the Groton Times welcomed it by suggesting “the town must have its circus each season, for without it, one feels as if life has lost the joy and kick that goes with each circus day.”

King Brothers was another circus that made repeated appearances in Woodsville. The circus was the latest in a series of circuses formed by Floyd and Howard King as early as 1919. They operated under names such as the Sanger Circus, Walter L. Main, and Cole Brothers.

 The Walter L. Main operation came to Woodsville in 1922 and 1924. It came back three times between 1945 and 1948. The 1948 show was held in a tent that seated 5,000 spectators and promised 150 artists and a giant menagerie.  When it returned in the 1950s, it still held an immense street parade.  In 1965, the circus was held at the North Haverhill Fairgrounds.  

Over the following years, fewer circuses came to the local area. Decline in ticket sales, concerns over the treatment of circus animals, and competition from other forms of entertainment adversely affected the traveling circus.

 Those seeking the excitement of a visit to the circus attended those held at the Plymouth Fair, Essex Junction Fairground, Eastern States Exposition, Boston, and New York.

One contemporary exception to these changes is Circus Smirkus. Established as an international youth circus in 1987, this Greensboro-based circus is known for its tours of New England.

When searching for circus events locally after 1965, the most frequent examples are small home-grown events sponsored by local organizations and featuring local talent.

With community support, these local events were entertaining, but they lacked all the excitement of a parade with calliope and elephants leading crowds to a three-ring big top. Those were circuses that came and went in a single day, leaving many good memories behind.

 

Known for its trained wild animals, the Kay Brothers Circus traveled by train and truck to the area between 1932 and 1938. Billed as Vermont's favorite circus, the show made three appearances at Bradford's old fairground.

An Old Fashioned Fourth and American's 250th

July, 2026 The Journal Opinion Parades, patriotic music and speeches, food with drink, fireworks, the nation’s colors, complete with “loud Huzzas.” That is how the first anniversary of the 4th of July was celebrated in Philadelphia in 1777. The observances on that day had all the elements of typical future celebrations of the nation’s birth. This week, we will celebrate the 250th anniversary of that birth, and Upper Valley residents will do it up in typical fashion. But what is the typical fashion for our area? Do major anniversaries of the date greatly overshadow otherwise less significant years? The first reported local Independence Day celebration was in Hanover in 1788. After years of not celebrating, Walpole resolved to celebrate the commemorations in 1798. The next year, Rutland began a tradition of celebrating July 4th. In the early 1870s, Bradford began to hold Fourth of July picnics and band concerts. Vershire’s 1870 holiday was typical of the time, with an abundance of strawberries and speeches. An interesting notice appeared in the local paper in 1871. It noted the murder of “a meddlesome and somewhat bloodthirsty character” named Amos Skeeter when, on July 4, he became too familiar with a party of fishermen on Fairlee Pond, which is now known as Lake Morey. In 1876, the pages of the Bradford Opinion were filled with news of the Centennial. Many of the articles highlighted the Exposition in Philadelphia, the first official World’s Fair held in this country. Although its theme was designed to show the world “the industrial and innovative prowess” of the United States, the Centennial made it an overwhelming attraction for over 10 million visitors. Each week for months, the newspaper described some of the 200 buildings and their exhibits, as well as the reactions of local residents who visited them. Many of those visitors rode special Centennial trains that carried passengers from Canada and northern New England southward through the area on the Passumpic Railroad. For most of the rest of the nation, the centennial was a three-day celebration held July 3-5. For the first time since the Civil War, observances were held throughout the South. The Bradford Opinion encouraged local communities to hold special observances and follow Orford’s example of planting Centennial trees. The Grange and Sunday School picnic in Newbury Center “was a decided success. The attendance was large, considering the great inducement held out to the citizens to visit other towns.” Those other towns included St. Johnsbury, where, despite inclement weather, a major celebration was held. In Bradford, it was reported in the July 8th edition that, “several of our young men were badly afflicted with wakefulness on the night of July3rd” and with bells, shouts and shots, announced the centennial day. The paper reported that “five large lights of glass were broken from Mr. C. S. Stevens” store, while the boys were firing the cannon.” In addition to reports of inter-town baseball games and the dedication of Bradford’s new Congregational church, the paper reported the massacre of Custer’s troops on the Little Big Horn. That story continued to headline the paper for the following weeks. In 1877, Ely and West Fairlee held “such an exhibition of Manly Sports, Feats & Strength, Agility & Endurances as has never been witnessed in the State!” One of the major features of area parades on the 4th in the next half century was the inclusion of Horribles. Area residents would dress in comic and grotesque costumes and ride in decorated wagons and later, automobiles. West Fairlee held an annual Horribles parade for several years drawing great crowds. It was reported that in 1896 a similar “progress of Horribles” was held in West Topsham. A baseball game between the Hayseed Nine of Cookville and the Do Nothings of West Topsham and a promenade in the evening followed the parade. That same year, a similar celebration was held in Fairlee where “the country, the Lake and the townspeople did themselves credit.” The hour-long parade that Newbury held in 1903 before a crowd of 2000 drew similar praise. One of the major Horribles parades was held in Bradford on July 3, 1909, the first time the town held a major observance in quite a while. The United Opinion reported, despite cloudy skies, “the morning trains and teams emptied into town many pleasure seekers.” The business block and many homes were “decked out in gala attire.” The renowned Lyndonville band performed two concerts and led the parade. The first prize went to a float poking fun at the disadvantages of owning an automobile. The day was complete with a ballgame, egg and potato races, and a two-hour fireworks display. The crowd of 2500 was surpassed by a similar observance the next year when the “weather was excellent, the people orderly, and the exercises greatly enjoyed by all.” Newspaper coverage on the activities of Independence Day activities have often highlighted aspects of the observances. The absence of drunkenness and profanity among the crowd at a West Newbury gathering in the 1890s made that a successful day. Vandalism by youth was common. In 1886, boys in Haverhill Corner built a bonfire from every loose thing they could find. Removing store signs, placing wagons atop public structures, unauthorized ringing of bells and shooting of cannons was common in many towns. In 1898, West Topsham residents heard cannon fire from their 12-pound brass cannon “at frequent intervals during the day and evening.” If there were no serious injuries or even fatalities from the unrestricted use of firecrackers, it was considered lucky. Harold Haskins included in his history of Bradford a very complete description of the fireworks of various calibers available to a boy. About 1910, concern about these dangers led to restrictions. Haskins lamented that “while much has been gained by the adoption of safe and sane Fourth, something has been lost.” Editor Harry Parker wrote, “Gone are the reckless, glorious Fourths…” He suggested that when boys grew up with all body parts intact, “they will probably be thankful that someone was so thoughtful as to think enough of their welfare to save them from themselves.” The United Opinion of June 29, 1928 suggested that the “disturbances and serious mischief of July Fourth” were the failure of many towns to have celebrations of “a better type.” Certainly, there were many such celebrations throughout the valley, especially as the nation approached the 150th anniversary of its birth. Blasdell’s History of Haverhill reports that Woodsville held a major celebration in 1924 at the community Field with 10,000 in attendance. That same year, the Bradford Business Men’s Association staged a celebration that included a parade and games. In the evening, Main Street was closed to traffic as an open-air dance was held in the Square with nearly 140 couples dancing to the music of Klaark’s 8-piece orchestra. Two years later, in 1926, the Woodsville celebration had grown even larger with a parade of decorated autos, floats, and Horribles, and a large midway, concerts, outdoor movies, and fireworks. Since the Fourth fell on a a Sunday, the sesquicentennial celebration was held on Monday, July 5th. Because organizing such celebrations requires so much effort, enthusiasm comes and goes. Towns that staged big events for a few years would give way to other towns’ festivities. In 1931, West Fairlee’s “Gala Day” drew a crowd of 1,000 with traditional competitions and patriotic programs. Newbury held a similar event that included horse racing at the Trotting Park north of the village. In Orford, a dance was held at the Hay Loft, followed by a midnight fireworks display. None of these seems to have lasted long enough to establish a tradition. Woodsville’s American Legion Post celebrated the Fourth in 1934-5 with a “most successful parade” followed by baseball games, concerts and fireworks. It was cancelled due to of damage from the 1936 flood and did not resume for 10 years. In 1938, Union Village held an Old Home Day celebration with a parade, lunch and dinner, entertainment, and “fireworks from Randall’s Hill back of the church closed the day’s festivities.” The day was described as a great success. In 1940, the Bradford Legion Post sponsored a parade featuring the Bowen and Hunter Band of East Corinth. It was followed by activities and games on the Fairground and an evening dance in the Bradford Academy gym. The war years from 1942 to 1945 led to increased patriotism, but fewer actual Fourth of July celebrations. The ban on fireworks from 1941 to1947, war nerves, and gasoline shortages may have been discouraging factors. After the war ended, local groups began to plan celebrations of Independence Day again. Between 1948 and1950, West Newbury held a field day featuring a bicycle parade, horse ulling, sports contests and a ballgame. The largest current local celebrations have their origins in that post-war period. According to Haverhill historian Katherine Blasdell, the American Legion sponsored “an especially large Fourth of July celebration” in 1946, but it tapered off after a few years.” It was revived in 1976, and today the two-town celebration draws large crowds with a giant parade and community field celebration. Orford’s Old Home Day Fourth began in 1947 and was sponsored by the Community Council. In the early years of that celebration, post-parade activities were centered on the Mall. The parade featured 40 floats including the old town hearse drawn by four gray horses. Ann Green of Orford, who marched in the first parade dressed as Miss Independence, recalled “the wonderful homemade games and activities” of the midway along with an auction, horse pull, and pony rides. The day was capped by a fireworks display on the southern end of the Mall and a dance at Orfordville. About 1964, the Orford celebration was moved to the Community Field and organized by the Fire Department. As before, the parade began in the south end of Orford village and marched through Fairlee village. When the Community Field underwent major improvements, and after a two-year break, the celebration in Orford was moved to Fairlee. Now, after a giant two-town parade, Fairlee hosts a chicken barbeque on the com mon and fireworks over Lake Morey. Corinth’s celebrations began in 1949 with an auction and barbecue. Over the years, it has grown to include a parade from East Corinth village to the Fairgrounds for afternoon entertainment. Probably the largest area-wide celebration of the Fourth was in 1976, the Bicentennial year. Many towns, flying their official Bicentennial flag, made it a year-long celebration with activities centered in the week of the Fourth. Some towns, including Bradford and Ryegate, held their parades later in the summer to avoid conflicts. Bicentennial balls, church services, barbecues, and strawberry festivals, historic designations and tours, restoration projects, and giant parades filled the calendars of events. Schools participated with history projects, costumed pageants, and essay contests. The Bicentennial observance also allowed the nation to review it past and contemplate its future. A Bicentennial editorial in The Journal Opinion on July 6, 1976 included this description of Americans at that time: “lovers of hoopla and ceremony, crowds and solitude, exasperatingly honest about the nation’s issues, participators in endless guesswork…as to what kind of people we are and what the future holds. This guesswork, like the fireworks and the parades, is all part of the show. And we’ve enjoyed every minute.” America has undergone major changes in the 50 years since that description was written. We are in the middle of another significant anniversary in our nation’s history. I encourage you to reread that 1976 description in light of those changes. Towns throughout the area are observing the 250th. The local celebrations on July 4th will allow us to experience an “old home day” feeling with birthday overtones. As the editor of the Virginia Gazette wrote in July 1777: “Thus may the 4th of July, that glorious and most memorable day, be celebrated throughout America, by the sons of freedom from age to age till time shall be no more. Amen and amen.”

It's Graduation Time

 

Journal Opinion, June 6, 2026

 The news is filled with local high school graduation activities. While ceremonies remain mostly traditional, there have been changes over the years.

This column reviews the history of these activities in the period prior to 1980. It deals with topics ranging from baccalaureate, class night, and graduation ceremonies to class trips, yearbooks, and alumni reunions.

Groton, Newbury, Bradford, Thetford, Woodsville, and Orford all had high schools included in this column.  Each topic will feature stories from some, but not all schools.  

The baccalaureate is one graduation ceremony that was once far more prominent than it is today. Baccalaureate services were held in church on the Sunday before graduation. With prayers and sermons, they were meant to offer graduates reflection and encouragement.

In 1892, the service for Newbury High graduates was the first mentioned in local newspapers. Thetford Academy, Wells River High, and Bradford Academy followed the practice in the 1890s.

Union services combined the Protestant churches and sometimes replaced the normal Sunday morning services.

While usually held in a church sanctuary, Wells River sometimes held their service in the Village Hall whereas Woodsville used the Opera House. 

Until 1963, Bradford Academy’s Protestant graduates met for one service, while Catholic graduates attended a mass at their local church.

The class of 1964 saw that as divisive and petitioned to hold an interfaith service. On June 7, an ecumenical observance was held in the school’s auditorium. Other local schools began to hold similar services with the clergy and graduates from all local churches.

In response to Supreme Court restrictions on organized prayer in public schools, high schools began to back away from organizing the services, leaving that to clergy and parents.

While worship was one way to commemorate graduation within the community, the senior trip took graduates farther afield. It was a highlight of the graduation season.

 In 1905, the Bradford class took a trip to Canada in place of an extended graduation week. The downsized ceremonies meant that “graduation will lose half its horror.”

As early as 1908, local students used the occasion to visit Washington, D.C., New York City, Montreal, and Boston. Until the 1950s, trips to these locations were taken by train.  

The World’s Fair was an attraction that could not be missed. In 1939, Newbury seniors attended the NY World’s Fair and, in 1964, Haverhill High seniors went to the NY World’s Fair.

In 1967, Bradford Academy’s senior class convinced the school board to make an exception to the ban on overnight class trips so they could attend Montreal’s Expo67. 

Many trips were for just a  single day  to locations both near and far. Lake Morey, Ausable Chasm, and Lake Willoughby were locations visited by local seniors.

 For several years in the 1960s, Bradford’s Senior Class spent a very long day in Boston. Highlights included the amusement park at Nantasket Beach and a ball game at Fenway Park. 

Students held food sales and dances to raise the funds for these trips. The support of their communities made the trips possible. In 1967, the last class to graduate from Groton High voted to forego a class trip and donate the $440 to the Ricker Memorial Scholarship Fund instead.

For many, formal senior pictures were the only time they had professional portraits taken. They became keepsakes that decorated their family’s living room walls. 

In March 1889, the five members of the Thetford Academy senior class went by train to Lebanon for their pictures. In 1895, a studio opened in North Haverhill to offer class photos.

As these portraits were featured in the annual yearbook and often doubled as Christmas gifts, pictures were taken in the fall. Local high schools used photographers from studios such as Vantine, Pierce, and Morris.

 In the 1950s, hand-tinting added natural tones to black-and-white images. On picture day in the fall of 1959, my best friend at Orford High forgot his suit coat and tie. He wore mine and the studio changed the tint to distinguish his photo from mine.

These senior pictures were a major part of the annual yearbook. Generally, a senior class production, work on the “annual” began in the fall for distribution at graduation time.

Yearbooks began appearing in Vermont high schools in the 1920s. The earliest local books were soft-covered booklets. By the 1950s, hard-covered yearbooks had been expanded into pictorial histories of the school’s year.

The studios that took senior photos also took group photos of underclassmen, clubs, sports teams, and faculty, and candid shots of major school events. 

Contacts were made with printing companies such as Jostens of Boston.  They offered professional advice and set deadlines to ensure timely production.  The cost of their services was covered by yearbook sales and community patrons.

 Orford’s Flumine and Woodsville’s Engineer were yearbook titles for many years. Bradford called their book The Yearling until The Admiral was adopted in 1953. Newbury High used The Livewire until at least 1930, then used The Rocket and The Oxbow as titles.

Other titles include Nutcracker (1966) Groton High, Chatterbox (1964) Well River High and The Bath Union Spirit, Bath High (1940).

As a teacher, one could not expect to have students’ attention on the day yearbooks were distributed. Students shared autographs and reactions to the contents. One of the highlights was the dedication to a beloved staff member or to a classmate who had passed away.   

Another event of graduation week was class day or class night. The first newspaper notice was in June 1897 when Thetford Academy held its class day exercises in Academy Hall.

Whether held indoors or out, the class day activities initially were generally formal. Student speakers read prepared essays, class wills, and class history. They were accompanied by music from the school orchestra and glee club.

The 1909 BA’s class day was typical of the day. Held on a decorated stage, it included two operettas, a presentation of class gifts, the unveiling of a large bust of Lincoln and a student speaker on the topic “The Study of Electricity.”

By the 1930s, lighter tones began to be included.  “Fun will reign supreme” was the prediction for Newbury’s 1935 class day. In 1951, Orford’s event included class gifts, awards, and the selection of Frances Pease as “the best man of the year” chosen by the Future Homemakers of America girls.

From then on “the lighter aspects of commencement were given free play” in class day or night events. While the school used the opportunity to present scholastic and athletic awards to members of all classes, the graduating class was at the center of the program and did so with humor.

The report of the Bradford class night in 1969 described “the night of fun before settling down to the serious occasion of graduation.” Their skits were based on the television show “Laugh-In.”  

As class night became a product of the students alone, schools began to hold “last assemblies” as opportunities to grant awards.  

Students also held senior proms or promenades between 1908 and 1936. The BA dances were held on the third floor of the Academy, in the Opera Hall and, then in 1936, in the new gymnasium.  The 1923 Wells River event was held in the Village Hall and the 1927 Thetford occasion was in the Grange Hall.

The high point of commencement season for high school seniors was the graduation exercises. It was usually held in the community’s largest auditorium, with tickets distributed to family members.

The particulars of the graduation event were established in each high school. It usually included a stage decorated with the school colors and perhaps the class motto. Dressed in caps and gowns, the graduates, led by a class marshal, processed to the measured step of “Pomp and Circumstance.” 

Until the late 1960s, the program opened with a prayer by a local minister. After musical selections, student speakers were often followed by a guest speaker. Awards and scholarships were followed by the actual presentation of diplomas.

This most “characteristic American ceremony” was a major event in each high school community and was the end of years of efforts by both parents and graduates. Here are samples of newspaper coverage.   

The first graduation for Wells River High was in 1892, and the last was held in 1967 after 93 years.

In 1919, BA diplomas were granted to two Bradford soldiers who had left school in 1917 and served on the Western Front in France with the Yankee Division.

The valedictorian of Newbury’s Class of 1951 told me that there were four girls and five boys dressed in green and gold gowns and that the ceremony was very traditional.

When the 20 members of the Orford Class of 1960 stepped onto the stage in their blue and white gowns, they were what was left of a freshman class of about 38.

Knowing what the weather was like in June, some local high schools took the chance of having an outdoor graduation. BA waited from 1905 until 1967 for that.

In response to the court’s decision about a prayer at graduation, one senior asked, “Would it be alright to have a prayer, if we didn’t mean it?”

Before the introduction of Project Graduations in the late 1980s, there was always the possibility that unsupervised post-graduation parties could lead to tragedy. The morning after “no new was good news” 

After the last graduation event, alumni typically held their annual reunion. In July 1894, the alumni of Thetford Academy gathered and “old acquaintances were renewed.”

As best I can determine from newspaper coverage, the other local high school alumni associations were established as follows:  Wells River 1897, Bradford 1901, Groton 1919, Woodsville 1920, Haverhill 1926, and Orford 1936. 

When Bradford Academy’s first reunion was held at Hotel Low with 88 alumni, it was “a splendid success in every way.”

A banquet was the main feature of alumni reunions. In Bradford, banquets were held in the Congregational Church, the Armory, and at Oxbow High. Wells River used the adjacent church parlor and then the Happy Hour Restaurant. Orford used inns on Lake Morey and Woodsville gathered at Well River’s Hale’s Tavern and Bath’s Colonial Inn.

 Classes celebrating significant anniversaries tended to bring larger attendance. A business meeting, a class rollcall, special speakers, recognition of members who have passed away, and presentation of gifts were part of the program. Informal sharing of memories was important.

The meeting included the singing of the school song. “Fair Thetford” and “Fair BA” were two examples, with older alumni singing the songs from memory and younger ones sometimes looking a bit perplexed. Several groups added a dance to close the evening.

Baseball and basketball games between alumni and high school teams were annual events. In 1927, the annual baseball game between the two teams of Haverhill Academy ended in a 9-8 victory for the alumni men. In 1931, the annual contest led to a tie between the BA alumni and the boys’ baseball team. The 1949 BA Alumni basketball game featured alumni stars John Pierson, Ezra Eastman and Sonny Kingsbury, who led their team to a 54-49 victory.  

About 1952, the annual Woodsville basketball games were expanded to include a girls’ game.  About the same time, Woodsville added an alumni softball contest. In 1967, Orford held a golf tournament at Bonnie Oakes’ golf course.

Awarding scholarships to their school’s graduating class was a major activity of alumni associations. As early as the 1960s, the Thetford Alumni held a Christmas Craft show to raise scholarship funds. In 1981, Orford alumni held a Christmas Show and Sale. Annually, groups ask for direct monetary donations for their scholarship fund.

Groups also raised funds to replace, repair, and expand the high school facilities. The Haverhill group supported and improved the Alumni Hall. Bradford alumni make annual contributions to a BA restoration fund.

Groton High, Bradford Academy, Wells River High, Orford High, and Newbury High no longer have graduates to add to their alumni rosters. Realizing the long-range impact on their associations, several have made amends to their membership by opening it to individuals who attended but did not graduate.

When Oxbow opened in 1971, Newbury alumni included Oxbow’s Newbury students in their annual meetings. OHS alumni merged with the graduates of Rivendell Academy. Bradford included those students who had started at the Academy and then transferred to Oxbow.  In the early 1990s, a short-lived Oxbow Alumni Association began.

Having attended many alumni meetings in both Orford and Bradford, I know the fond sharing of memories of school days of long ago is a tradition to be treasured.  I hope that this column will help readers recall their own graduation traditions.    

From Settlement to Revolution

Journal Opinion May 6, 2026 

This is the first of several articles describing the local area just before and during the American Revolution. It describes the initial European settlement of the area, the early developments, and the issues that arose.

About 1770, Col. Jacob Bayley of Newbury wrote: “The whole country is rapidly filling up with a very desirable class of settlers, and what was ten years since, a howling wilderness is now fast becoming fruitful farms.”

The first Europeans to visit the area were explorers, hunters, land speculators, and soldiers, just passing through or seeking to satisfy their curiosity. There were only a few native people still living nearby.  

After a century of warfare during which the local area was on the frontlines, the defeat of the French and their native allies in 1759 and the Treaty of Paris in 1763 made the area safe for settlers and their families.

Royal Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire chartered towns in what is now New Hampshire and Vermont.  “These grants transferred ownership of approximately one-third of the area from the Crown to private ownership.”

The grants were approximately 30-36 square miles in size and granted to groups of proprietors, many of whom were connected to the colonial establishment. While many of these grantees never actually lived in the towns they created, they had to agree to several conditions.

One of the conditions was to encourage settlers and improvements to the land.  This was to the proprietors’ advantage as it increased the value of their land in the newly-created towns.

All of the river towns in our area and some of the second-layer towns were chartered by 1764. Bradford was a noteable exception as it remained unchartered. Despite that, 30 families moved to what they call Waitstown as squatters, with no claim to their holdings.

In 1770, they send Quaker Samuel Sleeper to New York to acquire a charter. When the royal government granted one, they changed the town’s name to Mooretown in honor of the late governor Sir. Henry Moore. The town was renamed Bradford in 1788.

These early farmer-settlers came from established towns elsewhere in New England such as Hebron, Connecticut and Londonderry, New Hampshire.  They were drawn by the availability of cheap land and the promise of a new lease on life. Most of the men had fought in the recent war, and former officers played a primary role in town government. 

They came overland by ox sled or cart without the benefit of roads or on the river by canoe or on the ice.

They were young families. In 1767, there were 172 residents in Haverhill, with only one over 60. The 1770 census of Bradford listed 30 head of families with an average age of 30. 

One exception to these migration patterns was that of the Scots American Company who moved directly from Scotland to Ryegate in 1773.

Some settlers were drawn to the open valley area. Others had what one historian called “a hillside mentality.” They preferred to locate on higher ground. This made sense as these locations were better drained, free from flooding and mosquitos, and receiving more sunshine and less morning fog and early frosts.

The average holding was about 100 acres. Often, the men came first, leaving wives and children behind until the plot was established and a cabin built. With their ox teams and plenty of back-breaking labor, these farmers cleared portions of the land.  Trees were chopped down or burned, stumps were removed, and fieldstones were hauled to build walls. Some worked with only a crude hoe, ax, and fire. Crops were planted as quickly as possible.

“A farmer could increase the value of 100 acres eight to ten times with the crop he raised in a few years of diligent labor.” This often allowed him to pay off the land debt in just a few years. The land was fertile, in stark contrast to the exhausted soil of areas of earlier settlements.

In his Yankee Kingdom, Ralph Nading Hill wrote of the era, “Everything they ate, they grew, almost everything they used, they made; almost everything they wore came from the factory of the hearthside.”

As soon as there was open space, crops were planted on fertile ground.  Some trees were retained for fuel and lumber, and then later cleared for crops.

 Indian corn, which grew rapidly and abundantly, was planted between stumps of trees. Buckwheat and rye were among the first crops. Wheat, oats, and barley came later.

Settlers often brought apple tree seedlings with them and planted orchards. Vegetables such as potatoes and squash were planted in open areas. A good wife kept a kitchen garden with small vegetables and herbs.  

Life was never easy for these subsistence farmers.  They faced the normal threats to their crops from rocky soil, blight, pests, wild animals, and weeds. Early or late frosts shortened the growing season.

 Bears were a constant threat to corn crops, and wolves to livestock. In the late summer of 1770, an army of worms descended on the area.  One Thetford observer reported that the pastures were totally covered with worms. In 1771, there was major flooding in the valley, and some had to relocate their homes to higher ground.

Winters often “reigned with great severity.” Families used several techniques, such as drying and salting, to store food for the long winters.

The settlers transplanted the culture of southern New England to the area, changing it as needed to meet the demands of the frontier.

Following the tradition of earlier New England, local town meetings were held, often in the largest home in the community. Because proprietors still held some authority, some proprietor meetings were held in Portsmouth and Bennington.

Local men met frequently to elect local officers, levy taxes, and deal with the problems of the new towns. They created pounds to deal with stray animals and established rules for dealing with both common lands and boundary disputes.

As needed, they dealt with lawbreakers. Sheriffs were elected. A courthouse and jail were created in North Haverhill in 1773,

Gradually, the new settlements took on the trappings of civilized permanency. Farmers with skills as blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, and tanners met the needs of their neighbors.

Taverns and stores were among the early businesses, often operating out of the owner’s private home.  Uriah Morse’s “ordinary” opened in 1762 in North Haverhill, a year before the town was chartered.

The first tavern in Orange County was opened in Newbury in 1769 by Robert Johnston, who sold spirits brought by horseback from Concord.

Primary education was important, and soon after the towns were organized, money was set aside to hire a schoolmaster. Schools were held in private houses or the meeting house.

Midwives and doctors supplemented family-based treatments for illness and injuries. Dr. Samuel White of Newbury and Haverhill began his practice in 1773 in a practice extending from Newbury to the Canadian border.

Lydia Peter Baldwin, moved to Orford in 1766 and then to Bradford, and delivered hundreds of area babies with remarkable success.

Using water power from nearby brooks and small rivers, sawmills and grist mills were established. These mills provide the inhabitants with boards and a place to grind the crops they raised. The high cost of framed structures left many with log structures for decades.

In 1763, John Hazen arrived in Haverhill with the equipment to establish a sawmill and grist mill on Poole Brook in North Haverhill. In 1764, Newbury’s proprietors “voted to give eighty acres to the man or men who should build a sawmill on Hall’s Brook.” In Piermont, money, land, and water privileges were promised as rewards.

In 1762, John Hazen built the first sawmill in North Haverhill and, by 1765, used sawed lumber to build a house on the Little Oxbow. Newbury’s first sawmill was built in 1764 on the lower falls of Hall’s brook in South Newbury and, a year later, a grist mill was built west of Newbury village.

 Orford’s Israel Morey built the town’s first sawmill and a grist mill on Jacob’s Brook in 1766. In 1772, John Peters built Bradford’s first grist mill on the south side of the Waits River. Two years later, Benjamin Baldwin built Bradford’s first sawmill nearby.

From the very beginning, many settlers felt the need for worship services. The lack of church buildings did not stand in the way, with services held in barns, private homes, taverns, or in the case of Fairlee, in a field next to the river.

One of the earliest projects undertaken by town resi dents was the building of a meeting or town house for both worship and town meetings.

As there was a shortage of ministers, towns yoked with neighboring towns to worship together or share a minister. One of the earliest religious leaders in the area was the Rev. Peter Powers of Newbury. He helped establish the Newbury church in 1764.

His parish at first included all the settlements from Hanover to Lancaster. He played a leading role in creating town churches in Fairlee, Orford, Haverhill, Ryegate, and Thetford.

“He was often called to go on long and lonely journeys to solemnize marriages, bury the dead, and break the bread of life to the people, and he did not shrink from any labor, however great.”

With the exception of the Presbyterians of Ryegate, the Congregational denomination was dominant in the early years. Local control over church affairs was a characteristic of Congregationalists and as they controlled town affairs, local town tax revenues were used to support church activities.    

The Connecticut River was, for many years, the major road into the area. By water in the summer and on the ice in the winter, new settlers and supplies arrived, and products were sent to market.

 The first overland roads were “merely passages through the forest,” laid out by traveling indigenous people over the centuries and used by the early settlers. Not able to use wheeled vehicles, locals used horseback or their own shoulders to carry items.

It was in the best interest of the original proprietors to have somewhat improved bridal paths connecting the parts of towns and markets to the south.

In both Newbury and Bradford, it was at least 20 years before any wheeled vehicle other than an oxcart could traverse these improved paths.  Observers described these earliest roads as “very much like winter logging roads” or having “the consistency of porridge.”

Among the earliest roads were the river roads on each side of the Connecticut.  In Newbury, this road was begun in 1773 and later extended to connect Bradford. In Haverhill, the West Side Road connected the town with Bath and Piermont.

 In 1774, Orford residents agreed to support constructing a road to Wentworth. At about the same time, a road was built from Portsmouth to North Haverhill. 

 Since the earliest years of settlement, residents frequently crossed the Connecticut River. While canoes and boats served first, commercial ferry operations soon followed.

 By 1773, at least two ferries linked Newbury and Haverhill, one at Wells River and the other near Newbury village. In 1775, a ferry operated between Orford and Fairlee, with the charter granted in the name of King George III. 

Increasingly, there was a controversy between New Hampshire and New York over control of Vermont territory sewed uncertainty among the early residents.

Vermonters rejected the New York system of landownership in which aristocratic ownership left the lower classes as tenants. While the outbreaks of violence between Yorkers and locals were primarily in southwestern Vermont, there was violence in Westminster, Vermont in March, 1775.

This area tried to remain neutral. Residents of several towns, including Corinth and Newbury, sought duplicate chapters from New York to protect themselves.

This provincial dispute soon became overshadowed by outbreaks in Massachusetts against the power of British rule.  By 1774, pro-rebellion Councils of Safety and Correspondence were being formed. Local residents began to take sides for and against the coming revolution.

A later column will describe the role of local residents in the American Revolution. Actually, the May column will be the second to deal with student activities in local high schools.

 

Rites of Spring

  By the time this column is printed, Spring will be on the calendar if not outside the door. This is the first of a two-part series on how the season impacts the area.

This first part deals with the special days historically observed following March 1, called the first day of Spring by meteorologists. Some are major and even legal, whereas others range from whimsical to disregarded.  

Following the tradition established in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, settlers in the newly chartered local towns held meetings to elect officers, pass budgets, and address common concerns.

The first town meetings in New Hampshire were held in Dover and Portsmouth in 1623. The first one in Vermont was held in March 1762 in Bennington.

Early town meetings were held in larger private homes and as frequently as needed. “The formal recognition of the first Tuesday in March as Town Meeting Day came in 1880. Before that state law simply required at some day in the month of March annually at ten o’clock in the morning.”

New Hampshire’s town meeting day is the second Tuesday of March, although state law allows for variations. March was chosen to accommodate farm spring planting schedules.

At first, only landowning men were allowed to vote in town meetings. The ownership of land restriction was dropped after the Revolution.

Women were not allowed to vote in town meetings until 1917 in Vermont and 1920 in New Hampshire, although both states had granted women voting rights in school meetings earlier.

Both states now allow towns to decide some of the issues through a combination of Australian ballots and in-person deliberative sessions.    

Since 1918, on one Spring Sunday morning, Americans have awakened with one less hour of sleep. Daylight Savings Time, an idea first proposed by Benjamin Franklin, has been used to move daylight from early morning to evening artificially.

Over the years, there have been manipulations to create a system that works for the most part. In 1966, the system was set to run from the last Sunday of April to the last Sunday in October, with exceptions for states that had state-wide alternatives.

In 2007, the Federal government extended day light savings from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday in November. By now, you have probably accommodated the change that took place on March 8.

The Ides of March entered the English jargon from Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar. In it, Caesar was forewarned of his assassination on March 15, 44 B.C.  When it came to pass, “beware of the Ides of March” became linked to March 15.

As early as 1800, newspapers in both states, quoted it as a warning against political opponents such as the Federalist or Andrew Jackson, both of whom wanted increased power for the national government. It was later used against anti-temperance groups and slave owners.

 It was also used as a calendar notation for upcoming March events. In 1896, The Burlington Weekly Free Press included the following: “The Ides of March inevitably brings to the Green Mountain State tidings of new maple syrup.”

As mid-March weather can be unpredictable, “Beware of the Ides of March” was a warning against a return to winter weather. From 1918 to 1955, that “beware” warning was connected with the March 15th federal income tax deadline. 

By the mid-1800s, there was a growing number of Irish residents in New Hampshire and Vermont. They celebrated St. Patrick’s Day in honor of Ireland’s patron saint.

While many Roman Catholic churches with Irish parishioners held special services to mark the occasion, the day featured activities that showcased the Irish residents’ “ethnic pride, faith, and community cohesion.”

As early as 1867, a St. Patrick’s Day parade was held in Burlington. The Irish Order of Hibernians organized it. The parade included marchers, bands, and banners. By 1911, the number of marchers had grown to over 700. Banquets and performances were added to the day’s activities.

The festive day expanded into the general public, and by the 1910s, stores offered greeting cards, potted shamrocks, and party decorations. 

A hearty meal of corned beef and cabbage served with boiled vegetables, along with Irish soda bread and festive desserts was central for many families. Stores featured these foods in their advertisements.

Protestant churches and community groups began to use the day for fundraising plays, dances, and concerts. Schools marked the occasion with activities. Businesses offered St. Patrick’s Day items, and bars sold green beer

Burlington’s PaddyFest and Manchester, NH’s large parade are current examples of St. Patrick’s Day observances. For many, wearing of the green has become a standard mark of the day. One does not have to be Irish to be “Irish” on St. Patrick’s Day.

About the same time, three major religions hold significant observances. Easter is one of the most ancient religious observances that falls during Spring. Celebrating the resurrection of Christ, it may fall as early as March 22 and as late as April 25. It was first widely celebrated in Catholic and Anglican countries. 

Protestants, such as those in earlier New England, often rejected it as a “popish” holiday and did not hold special services until the mid-19th century.

The 40-day Lenten season precedes Easter. It begins with Ash Wednesday on which the forehead of the faithful are marked with the ashes made from the palms from the previous year’s Palm Sunday.

As Lent was traditionally marked with fasting, prayer and penance, the period just before was often time for Mardi Gras or carnival. New Orleans, Montreal, and Quebec City celebrations were often mentioned in local newspapers.

Gradually, Lenten services expanded to Protestant churches. Around 1950, local churches began holding Sunday evening Lenten services. In 1959, for example, The United Opinion reported “large attendance” at the union Lenten service at Bradford’s Grace United Methodist church.

A week before Easter Sunday, Palm Sunday marks the beginning of a week of observances. Good Friday recalls the execution of Jesus.  Historically, some local businesses closed from noon to 3 pm. I recall in the 1960s, schools did not hold activities on that Friday evening, much to the puzzlement of many students.

Easter Sunday begins in many communities with a sunrise service followed by a breakfast. Bradford’s Summer Street, Thetford’s Academy Hill, and Orford’s Dame Hill were sites for the early service.

As late as the mid-1970s, local churches recorded capacity attendance at Easter morning services. New outfits, special music, flowers, and baptisms were normal. Family would then return to dinners of ham or lamb.

More recently, commercialization that includes the Easter bunny, egg rolls, and baskets filled with Easter candy and gifts as well as sporting events and hearty brunches has replaced church attendance for many.     

Passover, the week-long Jewish Spring festival, falls between March 25 and April 25. This annual celebration of freedom recalls the Israelite exodus from slavery in ancient Egypt. The Seder, an elaborate symbol-filled dinner, is a highlight of the festival. Copies of the Haggadah are used to lead the diners through a structured meal filled with storytelling.

In the late 19th century, “Hebrew” synagogues were gathered in some cities in both states. Newspapers carried news of Passover celebrations in Burlington and Rutland as well as Manchester and Portsmouth, NH.  

In 1927, the Jewish community of St. Johnsbury established its own synagogue. Locally, synagogues have also been established in Woodstock and Montpelier, VT and Hanover and Bethlehem, NH. 

It was not until the 1960s that major chain stores in New Hampshire and Vermont advertised Passover cards and specialty foods, a practice that is widespread today.

Traditional Passover foods include flourless matzo, brisket, gefilte fish, potato kugels as well as coconut macaroons and flourless chocolate cake.  

There is another religious observance that ends about the same time in March. It is the Muslim observance of Ramadan, the 30-day period of fasting, prayer, reflection, and community. Ramadan recalls the revelation of the Our’an to the Prophet Mohammad.

From sunrise to sunset, the faithful follow the prescribed observances. About March 30, Ramadan concludes with Eid al-Fitr, a festive occasion. Families gatherings highlight it with a celebration of “the spiritual accomplishments of Ramadan.”

While there are many earlier mentions of Ramadan being celebrated in other parts of the world, more local references only begin after 1995. Then, annual newspaper articles reported that Ramadan was being celebrated by the growing Muslim population in Chittenden and Rutland counties. Recent estimates indicate 6,500 Muslims living in Vermont. 

 Not all Spring observances are serious. April Fool’s Day allow pranksters the opportunity to make others the butt of countless gags. Originating in Europe, mention of the occasion began to appear in Vermont newspapers in the 1820s. 

In 1831, one newspaper reported: “It is said that lovers of merry jokes have revived the ancient custom of fool-making on April day.”  A prediction in 1851, that it “would pass away,” was off the mark.

April Fool’s Day continues to be used an explanation for everything from an unusual April 1 snowstorm, irrational behavior on the part of officials or just individual tomfoolery.   

There is no fooling around when it came to filing your income tax. Following the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913, the original deadline for filing was March 1.  It was later moved to March 15 and, then in 1955, to April 15 to allow more time for taxpayers to file.

While Tax Day is still around, at least one holiday has disappeared. In March 1681, John Cutt, president of the New Hampshire Council, was seriously ill.  To intercede on his behalf, the General Assembly declared March 17 as a day of public fasting, prayer and reflection.

Cutt died, but the tradition of fast days, originally rooted in 17th century Puritan traditions, continued in New Hampshire. 

Earlier, a period of fasting was declared prior to the spring planting, asking God to “bless us with peace and prosperity and to favor spring and seede time.” 

In 1899, New Hampshire’s official Fast Day holiday was set as the third Thursday of April. In 1946, it was moved to April 19 to coincide with neighboring states’ Patriots Day, and, in 1949, it was moved again to the fourth Monday of April. Many businesses closed on the holiday.

 New Hampshire continued as the only state to observe this as a legal holiday until it was abolished in 1991. It had come to signify the start of the Spring and tourist seasons, with special train fares from southern New Hampshire to the opening of Boston’s professional baseball season. 

Earth Day was first held on April 22, 1970. It grew out of environment concerns that developed in the 1960s. Supported by a broad coalition of groups, it marked a major shift in the modern environmental movement. It was estimated that over 20 million Americans participated in the first Earth Day activities.

That movement led to “swift and substantial political action,” including the establishment of the US Environmental Protection Agency. 

Vermonters created their own take on the environment by holding their first Green-Up Day on April 18, 1970. State-wide, an estimated 67,000 volunteers clean up some 10,000 miles of Vermont roads.

Locally, citizens turned out to participate. In Fairlee, 200 workers participated in a town-wide effort, while in Corinth, 80 students led the clean-up.

Vermont continues to hold Green-Up Days annually; however, the date was changed to the first Saturday of May to allow roadside melting to reveal trash.

As we know Spring in our area of the country is elusive. Bright days warm the soil, encouraging the first signs of green, only to be followed by snow and ice. This winter has seemed especially long, so we look forward to whatever Spring we can get.

If I am still writing in the Spring of 2027, I will deal with the other features of the season in our area. That includes the history of everything from sugaring and mud seasons to basketball finals, spring tonics, and the opening day of trout fishing. I will be 84, and that will be the 20th year of the “In Times Past” columns. H