Journal Opinion Jan 26, 2022.
From corporal punishment to intentional neglect, children
are too often subject to cruelty.
This column reviews child abuse and intentional neglect
before 1930. Included is information from New Hampshire and Vermont history,
using examples from vintage newspapers and online sources. Newspapers usually
covered only the most egregious cases. Early local historians did not mention
these issues.
This column does not cover the typical interactions between
adults and children that result in mild punishment. A swat with an open hand, depriving a child
of a desired pleasure, or sending a child to bed without supper are not the
type of examples covered. Parents are not given a manual of instruction when
given the care of children, especially when dealing with a willful child.
Instead, it deals with examples of ongoing physical or
emotional abuses. History recognizes that some adults are not fit emotionally,
physically, or psychologically to be in charge of children and take advantage
of their vulnerability.
These abuses are sometimes perpetrated by an adult who, when
intoxicated or incensed, becomes a brute. In that case, the switch, belt, or
fist becomes a weapon. It often occurs when the perpetrator is not the natural
parent of the child involved.
Until the latter part of the 19th century, children were
their father’s property. Even though the government had the ultimate role of
protecting children, it rarely restricted household authority.
Parents were expected to raise children with a moral
character and a strong work ethic. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” was the
rule. Disobedient children, it was thought, needed to have “the devil beaten
out of them.” Local governments were more likely to remove children from a
family that did not provide the proper life lessons than one that physically
abused them.
Craftsmen frequently took boys as young as eight as
apprentices. Girls were assigned to families to learn housekeeping. Apprentices
were often orphans or children abandoned by their natural families. Their
treatment varied from caring to cruel. Local governments did intervene in
severe abuse or neglect cases and would assign the child to a new master.
Frequently, children
who were adopted as orphans or lived with stepparents were vulnerable to abuse.
In 1831, a New Hampshire minister beat his adopted son almost to death when the
child had difficulty pronouncing difficult words. This is an example of some
adults’ lack of understanding of child development.
If physical or emotional abuse was secretive, sexual abuse
of children was even more so. Authorities
were unwilling to admit that it could even possibly exist. Not until the
1920s was the study of child molestation recognized. The practice of allowing
older men to marry girls as young as 13 sometimes circumvented charges of
abuse.
Local governments often placed orphans or neglected children
with other families, often without ongoing supervision or consideration given
to the child itself. Corinth was one
town that “bid off” such individuals to the lowest bidder. That bidder was supposed
to provide necessities, but that was sometimes not the case.
In the early 1800s,
Corinth bid off the two children of Jonas Taplin who could not care for them.
Tragically, the two children were locked by their caretaker in an unheated shed
where they died of starvation and exposure.
Children orphaned or taken from families were sometimes
placed in the town poor farm by the Overseer of the Poor. The discipline there
was often harsh with whipping and solitary confinement used.
Private and public orphanages were created in both states in
mid-19th century. Many “orphans” actually had one or both parents unable to
care for them. Many children were placed in orphanages for just short periods.
Discipline was described as rigid. The rise of foster care in the late 19th
century caused children to be “placed out,” often as workers.
Early orphan asylums in the two states included the St.
Joseph’s Orphanage (1854) and the Home for Destitute Children (1866), both in
Burlington. The Orphans Home and School for Industry in Franklin, NH, and
Spaulding Youth Center of Northfield, NH, were both opened in 1871. Given
recent charges of abuse in institutions such as these, perhaps these abuses were
systematic.
After the Civil War, two cases highlighted the abuse of
children. In 1869, Samuel Fletcher, a blind youngster from Illinois, was locked
in a cellar by his parents. When he escaped and reported the abuse, his parents
were fined $300 in one of the first court rulings recognizing children’s right
to be protected against abuse.
In 1866, Mary Ellen Wilson of New York was placed in a
foster home with Francis and Mary McCormack. Over the next several years, the
youngster was severely physically abused, malnourished, and neglected. The
widely publicized trial of the McCormacks led to the establishment of the New
York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, the first such
organization.
The following abuse cases were reported in Vermont
newspapers. While neighbors often declined to intervene, concerned neighbors
eventually led authorities to investigate. In some cases, the perpetrator’s
punishment did not seem appropriate to the crime.
In 1879, 9-year old Alice Meaker of Duxbury was sent to live
with her half-brother. Over the next
year, his wife Emeline severely abused the child. In 1880, Emeline and her son
Almon poisoned the child. Both were found guilty of murder. Both died in
Windsor state prison.
In 1906, a Vershire man took charge of a 9-year old boy from
the Children’s home in Burlington. He
was charged with cruelty after the horrible treatment of the youngster. The
child was forced to work in the woods for long hours, was ill-clothed, and
forced to sleep in an unheated attic.
In 1913, a Waterbury man was imprisoned in Windsor Prison
for whipping a little child.
In 1915, a Brattleboro woman was fined $10 for publically
assaulting a child of eight with a whip, leaving marks on her legs.
In 1919, a well-known farmer from Walden was tried for
breach of peace for whipping a 12-year old disabled orphan in his charge. After
a highly publicized trial, he was found guilty and fined $50 and costs.
Underage runaways experienced abuse or neglect. This was
sometimes due to harsh work conditions. The number usually increased during
tough economic times. On the street, underage runaways and homeless children
were especially vulnerable.
Several examples of runaways that received newspaper notice
included an offering of a five cent reward for information on a 14-year old
apprentice from Sherburn, VT who ran away from his master in 1836.
Then there is the story of Charlotte Parkhurst. She was born in Sharon in 1812 and, after the
death of her mother, was placed in a foster home, perhaps in Lebanon. She ran away, adopted a masculine identity,
became known as Charley, and became one of the top stagecoach drivers on the
West Coast.
Articles mentioned runaways from the State Reform School in
Waterbury and the State School for the Feeble Minded in Brandon. The latter led
to charges of abuse. In 1921, a 15-year
old lad from Wells River ran away from home after “a sound thrashing.”
The number of children who ran away from home varied with
economic conditions. The number significantly increased during the economic
depressions. On the street, underage runaways were especially vulnerable.
Juvenile offenders were another group of youngsters who
faced abuse or neglect. This was especially true when they were incarcerated in
prisons, jails, or workhouses. In the 1850s, officials in both New Hampshire
and Vermont raised concerns about the imprisonment of children “confined with
hackneyed and callous malefactors.”
In 1852, New Hampshire established a state reform school in
Manchester, and in 1865, Vermont opened one in Waterbury. In 1912, Vermont began to deal with youthful
offenders in a juvenile court system.
A history of early New Hampshire schools recalls severe
abuse by schoolmasters. The frequent use of rods and ferules left “blistered
hands, swollen ears, and smarting limbs.”
A ferule was a flat ruler used to punish children. The History of
Canaan, NH, mentioned: “most children got whipped every day, either at home or
at school, sometimes at both.”
“Faced with reckless wretches,” a Vermont teacher in 1845
felt that “rough means became fair.” Many teachers felt there was “an
irresistible persuasiveness” in applying the ruler.
Born in 1810, Eliza White Root recalled abuse in Burlington
schools. “I thought the teacher very cruel, as he would often ferule the boys,
gag them and make them stand and hold their arms upright.” Parents generally
accepted corporal punishment, and sometimes, a second at-home punishment
followed.
“Good order is the
jewel of the schoolroom” wrote one editor. He criticized those parents who
threatened a teacher who applied the rod to their child and further blamed them
when they could not control their children at home but expected the teacher to
manage a whole classroom of children.
Often corporal punishment became actual abuse when the adult
involved allowed emotions to overwhelm the situation. In 1867, a Springfield
teacher applied a rawhide whip to an 11-year old boy. Described as an
“outrageous child,” his body was bruised and discolored.
In 1883, a suit was brought against a Pittsfield teacher who
thrashed a boy. “The jury decided she did the proper thing.” A few years later,
an article on why female teachers should be paid less included: A male teacher
“can trash an unruly boy into obedience, she can’t.”
There was a belief that corporal punishment was not only
necessary but had a lasting positive impact.
In 1875, the Vermont Phoenix carried the following: “The birch rod, too,
has much to do with our public schools, and most of our great men have been
soundly thrashed with it while boys.” In 1914, that attitude continued: “A good
thrashing has saved many a boy,” making “them a better man.”
While naughty boys might be physically punished, girls were
more likely to be just reprimanded. A
West Randolph newspaper suggested that boys preferred a trashing to a
girly punishment such as standing in the corner.
Schoolroom discipline in the decades that followed was
“abrupt and absolute.” Paddles gave new
meaning to the term “board of education.”
Sometimes being sent to the Principal’s office resulted in more of the
same.
In 1867, New Jersey was the first state to prohibit corporal
punishment in schools, but it was more than one hundred years before another
state would follow. In 1974, federal legislation required states to establish
child abuse reporting procedures and investigation systems. New Hampshire and Vermont took steps to
implement these requirements.
There were changes in attitudes toward corporal punishment
from 1880 to 1920. Adults in charge of children were advised to avoid
chastisement when hot-tempered. In 1895, an article in Bradford’s United
Opinion suggested, “While with a firm hand you administer parental discipline,
also administer it very gently.” In 1909, the newspaper further suggested,
“Think twice before raising your hand to hit a child.”
With industrialization in the 19th century, there was
concern over the employment of children in mills and factories. Children were
often employed to supplement family income. Many believed that it was morally
desirable for children to be employed rather than “lazy or wild.” Employers often wanted children for their
lower wages and because their small size was sometimes an advantage, something
that labor unions disputed.
The woolen industry in both states employed young children.
The Winooski Woolen Factory employed some children under the age of 12 at low
wages and for workdays of up to 14 hours.
In 1867, Vermont was the last New England state to limit the
number of hours children could work in factories. But these early laws only
applied to children under 12. There were cases where these laws or the school
attendance requirements were ignored. In 1911, the Vermont Child Labor
Committee was established to combat child labor exploitation.
At the turn of the 20th century, the child-saving movement
included the creation of child protection societies. The New Hampshire
Children’s Aid and Protection Society was formed in 1914 to deal with child
abuse and neglect in that state. Vermont’s Children’s Aid Society was
established in 1919 with a special charge to deal with the problems of children
orphaned by the Spanish flu epidemic.
While laws have been changed to protect endangered children,
for some, this is still a hidden family secret. Professionals are required to
report suspected cases. Neighbors who notice abuse and neglect are under no
legal obligation to report but may report anyway. We can only hope that the cry of the abused
will be heard by those who can answer it.
