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| KEEPING WATCH OVER DOWNTOWN BRADFORD: Since 1926, this statue of Capt. Charles Edgar Clark has stood in Memorial Park near the Bradford Public Library. In bronze and granite, it honors the hero of the Spanish-American War and his leadership of the battleship Oregon. Those who raised the public funds for the statue believed that Bradford-born Clark stood for "what is best in private and public life." |
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| BULLDOG OF THE NAVY: The USS Oregon played a pivotal role in the American victory over a Spanish fleet at Santiago, Cuba on July 3, 1898. That role, after its historic 15,000-mile voyage around South America, popularized both Capt. Charles Clark and his vessel with the American public. (Bradford Historical Society) |
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| OFFICERS AT CAMP THOMAS: Bradford-area Company G of the First Vermont Regiment was stationed at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga Park, GA in 1898. The company was led by (from l to r) 1st Lt. Moses Brock of West Newbury, Capt. Herbert T. Johnson and 2nd Lt. Sullivan W. Emerson of Bradford. Despite being ready, the regiment never saw battle, except for harsh living conditions..(Bradford Historical Society) |
Journal Opinion July 26, 2017
“Only the men who were with him on July 3 know what kind of
man he is in the heat of battle—always what we call a ‘good captain’ in the
navy; none of us thought him as good as we found him on that glorious 3d.” St.
Johnsbury Caledonian, August 3, 1898.
Why would a small town in landlocked Vermont have a splendid
statue of a naval hero overlooking its town center? Why would that hero be from
a generally forgotten short conflict rather than a Union soldier or a hero from
one of the world wars? Certainly, there
are heroes from those other conflicts worthy of being honored in bronze and
granite.
The statue is of Capt. Charles Edgar Clark, a Bradford
native, one of the three widely-recognized heroes to emerge from the Spanish-American
War of 1898. The statue, financed by public subscription, was dedicated on
October 12, 1926 before a large crowd that filled the downtown.
This column describes Clark’s links with Bradford and
Vermont and his connections with the battleship Oregon and the Battle of Santiago Bay. The details of the
Spanish-American War and the role played by local men in that short conflict are
covered.
Clark was born in Bradford on August 10, 1843 in a house
that still stands on South Main. He was the son of James and Mary Clark. He
attended the district village school and Bradford Academy until he was 16 years
old.
His father was a book binder and, about this time, attempted
to publish a school textbook. The venture was not successful and he lost
heavily. The family moved to Montpelier where the demand for books was greater
and there achieved success.
Clark’s father was a friend of Sen. Justin Morrill and when
young Charles expressed an interest in attending West Point, they contacted
Morrill. The senator had already made his annual appointment to the military academy,
but offered an appointment to the Naval Academy. Clark passed the required
examination and entered as a midshipman in 1860 just as the Civil War broke out.
As the war developed, the Naval Academy was moved to
Newport, R. I. In 1863, Ensign Clark was assigned to a sloop attached to the
blockade squadron under Adm. David Farragut.
Clark’s ship participated in the Battle of Mobile Bay and other Gulf of
Mexico encounters. He received steady promotions and by 1868 was lieutenant commander.
The next year he married Maria Louise Davis.
In 1894, Clark was in command of a fleet of 12 ships in the
northern Pacific on patrol against seal poachers. In San Francisco, on March 19, 1898, Captain
Clark was given command of the Oregon,
the greatest battleship afloat. His nearly 40 years of naval experience fitted
him for this responsible position.
Two days later, they sailed south with orders to join the
American fleet off Santiago, Cuba. The trip around the Horn and the dangerous
waters of Tierra del Fuego was an estimated 14,900-mile voyage. It included
stops at foreign ports to resupply and refuel.
Bradford’s John Fatherley describes this dangerous voyage in
his book “The Vortex.” He writes that
the challenge of the voyage was “not a reasonable expectation.” Additionally,
there was the apprehension created by the possible Spanish threats posed by
both the torpedo boat Temerario and the Cape Verde Fleet, either of which could
have seriously damaged or destroyed the Oregon.
Clark and the ship met the challenge in record time. After a
two-month news blackout, the ship’s arrival at Key West was met with public
acclaim. The voyage highlighted the need for a canal across the Isthmus of
Panama.
What Clark was sailing into was a war with Spain. This
conflict had all the elements that could conceivably promote popular support
among Americans. It was fought for very clear reasons including self-defense
and the welfare of Cubans, suffering under Spanish colonial rule.
The sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor with the heavy loss of life on February 15,
1898 led to a declaration of war against Spain. Spain was an aging colonial
power with control over Cuba and the Philippines and it was there that the war
centered.
The war that followed was short, filled with dramatic
American victories and heroes and few American casualties. It was, in the words
of Secretary of State John Hay, “a splendid little war.” In less than a year,
America gained both an enhanced reputation as an emerging world power and a
far-flung empire.
The naval phase of the war outshone the army’s. Vermont
provided two of the heroes, Clark and Commodore George Dewey. Dewey commanded
the American squadron at Manila Bay in the Philippines. On the morning of May
1, the American fleet crushed 12 ships of the Spanish fleet without the loss of
a single American ship and only slight injury to a few American sailors.
The second major naval victory was in Cuban waters. The Oregon had taken up station with the
American fleet off Santiago Bay to blockade the Spanish fleet. On July 3, the
Spanish tried to escape. The timing caught the Americans generally unprepared
for battle.
With engines ready, the Oregon
was able to move quickly in pursuit, and with guns blazing began a running
fight with the escaping fleet. The battle, in which the Oregon played a decisive role, was over in a matter of hours. The
entire Spanish fleet was destroyed or captured. As with the Manila battle, no American ship
suffered serious damage and only one American life was lost.
The official reports
and the popular press gave the Oregon
and Captain Clark the highest credit for the extent of the victory. For its historic voyage and battle
participation, the battleship was given the nickname “Bulldog of the Navy.”
The war was successfully completed within months and America
obtained Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines as spoils of war. In a
nation still haunted by the memories of the Civil War, this war helped to
create a unified sense of patriotism as the nation entered a new century.
Clark was not the only man with local ties to go to war with
Spain. Vermont was assigned a quota of
654 and filled it with a regiment of 1008 men and officers. The First New Hampshire Infantry included
about the same number of volunteers.
American troops on the ground experienced the war quite
differently. On April 29, The United
Opinion reported that the Bradford Guards was seeking new members to fill
their ranks. “This was a warlike order and caused some excitement in the
village.” The Guards included men from
Bradford, Piermont, Orford , Newbury, and other area towns. Four Dartmouth students
also enlisted.
On May 6, the Bradford Guards marched down Main Street to
board a train for Fort Ethan Allen. Under the command of Capt. Herbert T. Johnson
of Bradford and 1st Lt. Moses Brock of West Newbury, the 84 men and officers
became Company G of the First Regiment of Infantry, Vermont National Guard. The regiment left Vermont for Camp Thomas at Chickamauga
Park, GA on May 24. The New Hampshire men joined them there.
This is as close to combat as these men came. What followed
was a disappointment for these eager troops. The booklet on their assignment
reads: “It was there that the Vermonters put in nearly three months of
monotonous inactivity, weary waiting and suffering from climatic diseases and
fevers, which constituted their patriotic sacrifice for their country.” Both
regiments returned home never having seen battle.
Harold Haskins adds: “Life in camp had been hard. The food
was bad, the heat and humidity was worse, sanitation was almost non-existent,
medical supplies and services were woefully inadequate, and the daily routine
of camp life, without the hope of the excitement and challenge of battle was
irksome indeed. Malaria, dysentery and even yellow fever, worse in Cuba but bad
enough in our South, left life-long effects on many a soldier.”
Vermont lost 33 men
from disease, New Hampshire 32. Although a significant number of men from the Bradford area suffered from
illness, none perished.
The United Opinion
had supported the war and the paper was filled with patriotic symbols and
articles. Letters from Company G were a
regular feature. Despite the
disappointments, veterans and area residents felt pride in their role in the
war effort.
In 1899 and again in 1901, Clark was honored during a visit
to Bradford. He spent a portion of that visit with students gathered at
Bradford Academy and later met old friends and other area residents at an
evening reception.
In a September 1901 speech before the Reunion Society of
Vermont Officers, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt said: “You have a right to
be proud of Captain Clark. In all of the history of the Navy, I can remember
hardly anything so romantic as the trip of the Oregon, which arrived in time to give the finishing stroke to the
last remnant of the Spanish fleet.”
As the leader of the Rough Riders, Roosevelt was another
hero of the war and this speech was given just days before he became acceded to
the office of President upon the death of President McKinley.
In 1902, Clark was promoted to the rank of rear admiral and
he retired in 1905. His fame mellowed and waned with a dignity that seemed
typical of the man who sought no glory for himself. The Oregon, after being the subject of much national attention was,
like the admiral, gradually retired from active duty.
At the time of his death in 1922, an editorial in the United
Opinion stated: “We the people of Bradford feel that ‘Capt’ Clark belongs to us
and that he is one of our greatest gifts to the nation’s service.”
In 1926, funds were
raised to erect the statue of Clark to be placed in Memorial Park, north of the
Library. Personal contributions were
supplemented by fund-raising dances and other events. In requesting funds, the Bradford Memorial
Park Association wrote: “All the best traditions of valor, modesty and
patriotism are symbolized by this man, a son of Bradford…In honoring him we
honor all our patriots in all wars and of peace. He stands for what is best in private and
public life.”
The Memorial Park had been created in 1921 and featured a
granite monument with bronze tablets listing Bradford’s veterans from the
Revolution, Civil War and Spanish-American War, along with a flag pole and a
cannon from 1863.
The sculptor of the five-foot seven-inch bronze statue was
Magnus Urdahl of Boston. It was made in
the foundries of Albert Russell & Sons in Newburyport, Massachusetts. The
pedestal is of Barre granite with bronze plaques commemorating Clark’s
accomplishments.
On Tuesday, October 12, 1926 more than four thousand people, including Clark’s widow
and many dignitaries, watched little Virginia Cole unveil the statue. It was
described as being a “truthful reproduction” of the man. Buildings in the area
were professionally draped with patriotic bunting and the U.S. Marine Band
played. In the words of Opinion
editor Harry Parker, it was “Bradford’s red-letter day.”
In 1900, the Vermont legislature commissioned portraits of
both Clark and Dewey to be hung in the State House in Montpelier. When the Oregon was decommissioned, one set of
its gangway headboards were donated to the Bradford Academy and are displayed
inside the front doors of the Academy Building.
For many years the athletic teams at Bradford Academy were
called the Admirals and the year book was known as The Admiral.
A display of Clark-Oregon
memorabilia is located in the Bradford Historical Society’s museum on the third
floor. This includes a large portrait of the Captain painted by Ruth Jewett
Burgess about 1902. The museum is
open Fridays from 10 am to noon, June through October or by special
appointment.
